MSc in Construction Law and Dispute Resolution Essay

MSc in Construction Law and Dispute Resolution - Essay ExampleRecent years subscribe to registered a growing trend of alternative dispute-resolution methods, for instance, mediation, adjudication, conciliation, and various some other hybrid arrangements1. This can be attributed to the drawbacks associated with arbitrament and litigation, namely, the upsurge in costs, deferrals and hostile relationships between parties. Unfortunately, during the expiry decade superfluous and increasingly complicated stipulations were incorporated in construction contracts. In general, this involved the addition of numerous alternative dispute resolution methodologies and arbitration divided into redundant tiers2. These apparently more economic and swift alternative dispute resolution techniques only rendered the process more ineffective instead of the other way round. Mediation plays an integral role in determining the conditions of contracts. The exercise of Alternative Dispute Resolution has ga ined widespread prominence for working out differences in every sphere of life. During recent years legal systems have increasingly adopted restorative justice practices3, this implies that Alternative dispute resolution is even assiduous for dealing with criminal cases. ... 2. Dispute Resolution Methods Dispute resolution method potentially ensues in the following three sequels, namely, an agreement (negotiation), compromise (conciliation) or image (court or arbitration regnants). The mediation outcome falls under the agreement and cannot legally bind parties to abide by the mediation outcome unlike arbitration or court proceedings5. But to be an ideal solution, the agreement should meet the interests of all participant parties. 3. Categorization Of Mediation Outcome Arbitration comprises a ruling given by a neutral, mutually nominated arbitrator. However, mediation outcome can be classified as a contract6. By taking into depend elements that validate a contract, we can notice that in a mediation outcome, the opposing parties exchange informed offers and acceptances in order to determine an outcome. Moreover, consideration and inclination to enter into a legal relationship exists so it can be concluded that it is simply not a concurrence of offers and acceptances. Therefore, the mediation outcome meets the criteria of a contract and should not be confused for a judgment which is a legal determination imposed on parties regardless of their consent. 4. Discharging Mediation Outcome The creditor should ordinarily expect a voluntary settlement as regards to the obligation as is the case in normal contracts. However, in the case where the debtor continues to defer the obligation, the outcome will vary according to the commencement of the mediation process. Normally, two hypothetical circumstances exist 4.1 Parties choose Mediation over Litigation As mentioned before, a mediation outcome is simply a contract hence, the creditor can utilize the same remedies as are available to a contractor.

The Power of Knowledge in Douglasss Learning to Read and Write Essay

The Power of Knowledge in Douglasss Learning to Read and Write - Essay ExampleThat knowledge is office staff is already a clich, but it is most essential for the disempowered sectors of society because they can use what they learned to improve their conditions in life. Douglass becomes miserable because of having full awareness of his odious conditions. As a slave, he is not a human being. He has no freedoms and rights. His master controls his life, even the lives of his children. Therefore, he is more like a beast with no identity and future than an individual with a deeper purpose in life. Before realizing what his learning is for, Douglass sinks to anxiety because reading exposed him to the ills of the institution of thraldom. Fortunately, he learns near the abolitionist movement, and he focuses his energy on running away and becoming free. Furthermore, Douglass understands that knowledge will help him in his quest for freedom. Literacy will be his just the ticket to freedom , as well as his means for success as a free man. His plan of learning how to read and write first, before running away, shows that he is an intelligent person, who knows long-term planning. Indeed, if he remains illiterate, he can easily be manipulated by others who know how to read and write. Douglass uses his knowledge of the fruits of literacy in producing long-term plans, which proves the supporters of slavery that blacks are not an inferior race. Their weaknesses, if present, are not inherent to them, but are products of the conditioning of slavery, so that they will stay ignorant and lacking in initiative for self-development. Douglass breaks away from the stereotype of the passive slave because of his knowledge that as a human being, he has rights and freedoms. He must and should be free, so he does all he can to prepare for the fateful day of his emancipation. Douglass demonstrates ingenuity and a firm resolution in reaching his dreams, because knowledge is not suitable to be free. He is determined to learn literacy, but he has to be extra careful. He is resourceful enough to pay bread to street children who taught him how to read. By bragging to other children that he knows how to write, he also learned writing skills. At the same time, Douglass is observant of his surroundings. He studies letters from ships, which shows his determination to maximize his resources, heretofore limited they are. Moreover, the copybooks of his young master proved to be invaluable. He practices how to write, while his masters are away. Douglass clearly does not know how to give up. He knows the atrocious punishment, perhaps even death, which awaits him if his owners learned that he was studying how to write. But he no longer minds his short-term need for safety, when he has the larger long-term aim of freedom. The human being in him naturally wants to be free, and slavery cannot stop him forever. He builds his knowledge and establishes contacts and resources, which w ill one day help him to be free. In his mind, Douglass has a singular mission to be free and to be a human being with dignity once more. Education and slavery do not mix, as Douglass learns from his masters, because slavery is disempowering, while education

The ANKRD42 Gene Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The ANKRD42 Gene - Dissertation ExampleIf so, the program determines the locations of the start and stop codons. The length of the protein, the presence of the Kozak consensus chronological succession at the start codon and the length of the reference predicted protein are weighed by the program as positive. From the research, the results show that the ANKRD42 gene was found to exhibit bright bands of the expected size. ciliary cells exhibited strong immunoreactivity in cilia, neuronal cells were moderately stained while other normal cells exhibited weak stains or negative looking at. The gene is well expressed with the expression being detected in normal cells including the testis, brain cerebellum, fetal brain, heart, Rathkes pouches, cecum, urinary bladder, spinal cord, prostate, salivary gland, thymus, skeletal muscle and small intestine among other tissues. delinquent to this, it was put aside and no further tests were conducted to investigate its potential as a cancer marker . MAEL Gene The MAEL gene is described as maelstrom spermatogenic transposon silencer which creates a protein that was initially located in Drosophila melanogaster in the nuage perinuclear structure. It is believed to have a functionality that is similar to the spindle gene class. The gene Maelstrom is a protein-coding gene that is associated with diseases such as gonorrhea and essential hypertension. The gene encodes a novel protein that is distributed in the cytoplasm of the nurse cell as well as the oocyte until the protein disappears in stage 7 of oogenesis.

How Milton develops Paradise Lost against Epic Tradition Essay Example for Free

How Milton develops promised land Lost against Epic Tradition EssayOne of the passages in Paradise Lost is Answerable Style specifically the Genre of Paradise Lost wherein the main concern of Milton pertains to which genre must be chosen and not expert a simple matter to seek the storys perfect medium but the writers anxiety in placing himself with the poetic tradition known as old centuries. With his decision in writing an epic, Milton was able to place himself in the writers epic tradition like for instance the Medieval and conversion poets Dante. The content of the Paradise Lost is the classical and epic conceits in the Renaissance concerning heavenly beings with the possible interaction while using the epic similes as comfortably as the places and peoples catalogues with muse invocations. This means that the themes content is usually common to epics like for example war, its nationalism, the empire and the origin stories.Another passage in Paradise Lost is Things invisib le to mortal sight, which means the classical epics of gods and goddesses and the desires including disagreements are mirroring the human but that of Milton is omnipresent and also invisible. Miltons God cannot be compared to any individual because of His existence. In Paradise Lost, the story was inspired by the heavenly muse wherein settleen humans are unknowable.Gods depiction by Milton became the subject of such debate among those scholars as well as critics. Still Milton believes in Gods power and yet explains the foreknowledge of fall and yet human beings may even fall to temptations because of free will given by God to choose and made a decision for them. This is not comparable with those gods as well as goddesses in terms of the epics in classic because of different views and whims but still Milton has his own presentation in his belief with God.

Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

Christmas Carol EssayHave you ever met a man so jolly that you could see he was all in all in a glow and so jolly that his euphoric spirit just poured off him like wine into a glass? Or, possibly, you have met a man so poor that his warmth for the winter is a mere flicker of a flame on a usher outdlewick? Dickens demonstrates through the engross of such characters that it does not matter how very much money you posses, a person can hold a personality and characteristics independent of their financial status. barbarians nephew, Fred, is a attractive young man, who, lives each second as though it were his last.Most importantly, Fred thinks a great deal about Christmas and how it should be celebrated with great caring spirit. Fred asks Scrooge to dine with them on Christmas Day, but Scrooge explains he would see him in extremity first. This shows the cruel, cold-hearted nature of Mr. Scrooge. But for Scrooges nephew to leave the room without an angry word proves that Fr ed is a true, delightful person that opens his care to however the most miserable of people. As Fred leaves the building and passes by Bob Cratchit, the clerk, he bestows the greetings of the season on the clerk This exposure has a great importance to show, the pleasant nature of Fred and the depressing character of Scrooge. In this same scene, Dickens under-mines the whole reason for the importance of Fred and Bob. Fred, although not as exuberant as Scrooge, still manages to enjoy his wealth and be a jolly person. Scrooge is fabulously wealthy, and yet he does not spend even the smallest mensuration of his money to enjoy himself. What reason have you to be merry? Youre poor enough. This shows that Scrooge thinks all happiness is to do with wealth, yet if that were true, he would be happy himself, would he not? It is apparent, therefore, that Dickens created Fred as another side of the Rich Man character that we see in Scrooge, the stereotypical miserable rich loner. Bob, unli ke Fred, is the Poor Man and the antithesis of Scrooge in the story. Thus, Dickens created a symbolic character to emulate the Lower classes. He is treated so unbelievably cruelly by Scrooge, yet, he remains a cheerful man who enjoys his Christmas.Without Fred and Bob, the story would not show that money means nothing in equipment casualty of happiness. We meet Fred again at his Christmas party, as people put Scrooge down with horrible but vital words to the moral, His wealth is of no engage to him. He dont do any good with it. This action helps us to understand that although Scrooge could give pleasure with the wealth his possesses, he does not and is miserable. Fred helps the reader to understand, by explaining that Scrooge should not be despised but pitied.Fred quietly explained to us the first time we met him, Scrooges money does him no good and that his offences carry their own punishment. Fred is nigh the complete opposite of Mr. Scrooge and the scene shows how compassion ate he is and how caring he can be. This is important to the story because it gives Scrooge a chance to turn in himself from the mistakes he has made and shows us that someone in the world still cares for him. It also shows us what Scrooge can become, for both Fred and Scrooge come from real similar backgrounds.If Fred can enjoy Christmas, why cant Scrooge? Although Bob is unlike Fred in the sense that they do not own the same amount of money, they are similar when you compare their loving nature. Bob cares so much for his family that when he is told his daughter is not coming for Christmas dinner, his joyous nature collapses and he has a sudden declension of high spirits. Also, when Bob gives a toast to Mr Scrooge his wife insults Scrooge Even though Scrooge depreciates Bob, Bob honours his government agency by standing up for his dignity and demonstrates his loyalty to Scrooge.This character, like Fred, is caring but makes the reader believe that Scrooge is an awful cold-heart ed man and to be so hurtful to such a joyful man is inhumane. That is why at the end of the story we understand that scrooge has changed because he now shows that he can also care for these characters and that by giving others money and caring for his workers, one of the morals of this story is explicated. Such an important personality cannot be missed for many an(prenominal) of the morals throughout these staves.The importance of these characters cannot be put on a scale, but I can say that these characters are needed for the story to draw close and without them such significant messages cannot be made. I conclude that, although the names of the characters may not matter, the overall situations and characters of Fred and Bob, are pivotal because they show that it does not matter how much money you have, you can still be happy, honour others and make others happy. Fred and Bob are employed by Charles Dickens to show this in antithesis to Scrooge.

Technology in the 20th Century Paper Essay Example for Free

Technology in the 20th Century Paper EssayThere argon many notability advances made in technology that took place during the twentieth century. The world gradually moved from the industrial age into the technology age during this era. Once technology took clutch nothing could hold back the flood of its advancement and the innovation that grew from it. Of all of the important advancements three standouts that are intimately connected are the inventions of the radio, computers, and the internet. The radio could be said as the beginning of the information age and the sharing of information worldwide. The RadioThe radio in truth made it possible for the first time in macrocosms history for an audience to hear a person from many miles away. Before the television the radio was a way of gathering of slew and families to share news and the storytelling that would come once perhaps been told just about a communal fire. According to Kinsey, between the years of 1909 and 1927 Britain, America, Australia, South Africa, and the Netherlands were all broadcasting wirelessly by dint of the radio (Kinsey, 2005). During this time radio broadcasts were all commercial, but that soon gave way to other kinds of broadcasts including music.ComputersAnother huge advancement created in the twentieth century is the computer. The computers that are enjoyed today hardly resemble the huge calculating machines that were created around the time of the second world war. In 1944 the very first electronic- mechanical computer called tally 1 was created at Harvard. This machine was a massive calculator that was fifty one feet wide and eight feet tall (Chee, 1997). The beginning of the smaller computers that we know today started in 1959 when Honeywell developed the first computers that used transistors. These were followed by IBM who used integrated circuits. The very first personal computers were built in the 1970s with the computers that are recognisable today starting in 1974 with the first Apple PC being created in 1977. Computer technology continues to grow and expand creating increasingly smaller and double-quick machines to keep upwith todays fast paced life. The small seven or eight inch portable ipad has little resemblance to its humongous beginner the MARK 1.The InternetThe internets history is tied to the government and the Cold War in the 1960s. The over 300,000 networks that cover much of the world actually saw its beginning as a system that was created to use satellites and radio transmissions to communicate for the military. The problem with the system was that there were not any networks to share the information. A system that solved this problem was created in 1982 and by 1993 the World Wide Web was popularized by nuclear physists that needed to communicate with each other (Chee, 1997). By the end of the 1980s a number of mostly professional people were utilizing the Internet and email, but by the 1990s the internet would fit massive growth. By the end of 1999 the number of people using the internet was estimated to be 248 million (Cohen, 2011). The world has been made a smaller place because of the internet. People all around the earth can see events that are happening real time in places they may never physically get to visit. The many challenges that persist for humanity are made visible on a daily basis which in turn can be a way for people to see one another as extensions of themselves instead of enemies to be conquered.In conclusion, the social changes that arose from two world wars fertilized a society that was eager to learn and explore our world. duration the society of the twentieth century struggled to gain realistic views of humanity, technological advancements like the radio, computers, and the Internet helped to create a much smaller world. The technology that is taken for given(p) in todays society had very humble beginnings in the twentieth century. That technology has helped to close the gap and eras e some of the imaginary lines that have historically separated the worlds population. These innovations have helped to heal the collective scars of decades of war, proving to humanity that we are alike in more ways than we could ever imagine.ReferencesChee, H. W. (1997, flaw 27). Brief look at the history of computers. New Straits Times. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/269127308?accountid=458Cohen-Almagor, R. (2011). Internet History. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT), 2(2), 45-64. doi10.4018/jte.2011040104ArticleKinsey, M.(2005). Radio. In Key concepts in journalism studies. Retrieved from http//search.credoreference.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ glut/entry/sageukjour/radio/0

Role And Status Of Women In The Police

Role And Status Of Wo hands In The PoliceQ. Its non blatant sexism, its more than like a sexual undercurrent (Fe male Police Officer cited in Foster et al. 2005). From your reading of the broader explore literature, how soundly does this state manpowert describe guard works market-gardening? Review the implications of your answer for the image and status of women in the constabulary.I do not wish them (women) to hand power over men, just over themselves. Women have historic exclusivelyy played the business office of the protected not the protector. The legal philosophy hurl is historically a male orientated domain. Policing was seen as a seam allocated to tough, manful acts of crime-fighting and thief-taking. This lent itself to a male, macho culture in which women played no part. As aptly put by Malcolm Young, the opportunities for women argon constrained by hierarchies of dominance in which the masculine view prioritizes. For this author gender is a difficult model in the masculine culture it creates. For the few women who did enter into this male club they were appoint to station duties as opposed to pounding the street. The initial idea of policing was strongly linked to masculinity, historically males were responsible for physical labour and defense of the family. Women have had to fight hard against this stereotype and it is an uphill struggle they seem still to be fighting to twenty-four hour period, however with the emergence of this distinction brought forth by the Stephen Lawrence tragedy, policing has come under tight scrutiny. In order to richly examine whether there is discrimination towards women in the police force there exigencys to be a discussion on womens history, outlining any progress over the years, and experience in modern solar day policing. This impart uncover the dominance of any discrimination and the steps taken to counter it.Before any such digest can take place there must be analysis into what constitutes a n undercurrent. Is it give guidance if one police officer said almostthing weekly, should it be rather a sort out of officers and what is the frequency of this behaviour? conversely what is the definition of blatant sexism. Is it blatant if the comment is tell straight to a women about an issue solely related to women, quote about period. Also can this be said to be sexism as a concept or simply miss placed humour? Blatant is defined as, without any attempt at concealment completely obvious. These two ideas are not easily categorised, they appear to have a fluid quality rather than definite perimeters. In order to understand these things as a concept there needs to be an examination of modern and past policing and the resulting experiences.Women being fully integrated into the police force is a recent development. Previously women police officers were a separate part of the police. Margaret Damer Dawson, an anti-white slavery campaigner, and Nina Boyle, a militant suffragett e journalist founded the Women Police Service in 1914. This was made up of women volunteers and it was not until 1930, women police were fully attested and given limited powers of arrest. In 1969 the womens branch of officers was dissolved in anticipation of the Equal Pay Act. Despite this women police were still treated as a separate section of the service. Women were not completely integrated into the police force until 1973. This suggests any discrimination faced by women may not be direct as could be seen towards women in the army, where women are excluded from positions which require face-to-face combat with the enemy. There has been legislation put in place to help with this desegregation but despite the apparent willingness to treat women as equals there may still be an undercurrent of sexism throughout the force.The first step seen to integrate women in the UK was the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. This Act made it unlawful to discriminate against women, either directly or in directly, in the field of employment. It seemed optimistic at silk hat to think that one act of parliament could change a history of discrimination and ingrained ideas about gender. The male culture was not keen for basis change from their conservative origins. This prevalent masculine culture is shown from a quote taken after the legislation was passed from sergeant Sheena Thomas, before I was promoted, a old officer told me that once I remembered I was a mere woman and not police officer, I would get on far better. A take exception to the male dominated structure was not welcome making application not openly enforced. The history of policing is important in discussing modern policing as it allows for a better understanding of inn ideals, as Reiner said, An understanding of how police officers see the well-disposed valet de chambre and their role in it cop culture is crucial to an analysis of what they do and their broad political function. In recent statistics a division between women and male officers is prominent in not only the amount of raw-bearing(prenominal) officers but also in promotional materialal positions.According to the official statistics dated 31st March 2009 across England and Wales, women are not a particularly well represented group in the police force. The number of full time officers reached 141,647, out of these 32.8% were female police officers. This illustrates how women are still a minority group in the police force however there is further data that may give more weight to a claim of sexism in police practice. Women, in the same year of statistical data, were also shown to be under represented in positions of authority in the police. Examples are as followsMale female Total percentageChief superintendent 448 60 508 12%Superintendent 938 120 1,058 11%However at the lowest position there is a greater equality in distributionMale Female Total percentageConstable 79,430 30,801 110,231 28%The difference in numbers between wo men and men in the powerful positions could relate to the lower numbers of women applying to the police force. The question has to be asked is why are so few women applying to the force?There could be umteen reasons why women do not apply to the force, the obvious issue which stands out when thinking about police work and the gender divide is the disposition of the work. This is generally thought to be male orientated due to the notion of the physical aspect attached to the job and the danger involved in it. Womens bodies have become a way of specify their readiness for the job. The idea of women as weak creatures is reflected in the police force, mainly in regard to physical strength. This presumed failing reflects both physical and mental readiness, for the crime fighting nature of the job. In reality however this stereotypical idea of what police work involves may not be representative of reality. Much of police work involves administration and petty crime prevention, it is n ot the fast pace, dangerous profession TV may imply. For this reason it is hard to see why any physical differences between male and females should make a real difference in the active duty of a police officer, self image of the police is that of crime-fighters and this is not just a distortion of what they do, it is virtually a collective delusionAnother aspect that leads the police to a more male orientated idea is the offenders with which they deal. As the majority of crimes are committed by men the job lends itself to male officers. This is to do with duplicate strength, males are seen as the stronger of the two and viewed as better equipped to deal with male offenders.The above statistics show that women are under represented in the police force, but what of the distribution of males and females in positions of power, does the unequal distribution reflect the smaller numbers of women in the force or sexual discrimination? The ratio of men to women in the constable role almost parallels the percentage of the overall police force between women and men, at 28%. This cannot be said of the higher positions. For typeface the total number of superintendents is merely 11%. This percentage discrepancy between males and females in positions of authority does not match that of the lower ranks, making me more disposed to agree with Sandra and her opinion of womens promotional opportunities once recruited, their road to the top is certainly a greasy pole.Research which supports this claim is evident over the years. Kinsey (1985) took empirical present in Merseyside that showed 43% of officers under 30 on station duty (least prestigious job) were women. Coffey, browned and Savage (1992) showed findings that women were under represented in many special(prenominal) departments and totally absent from others. Brown, Maidment and Bull (1992) look fored deployment patterns of women police officers which showed that they gravitated towards low frequency labour intensi ve specialised tasks. An example given for such tasks was supporting rape victims. Anderson, Brown and Campbell said women officers are limited in the amount and type of experiences they are able to gain. This in turn affects their job satisfaction and may inhibit their promotion prospects. That fewer women than men achieve promotion in turn can reinforce male stereotype about womens abilitiesResearch had shown that women feel undermined and undervalued by the predominantly male, heterosexual culture. They felt that their roles in the team were often restricted and that they had to work a great deal harder than their male counterparts to prove themselves. As one officer said, the only thing I can do is just put my head down, work hard and prove myself. Which is depressing, but its reality isnt it. The only way I can earn respect is to work harder than everybody else.This apparent sexual discrimination has not managed to escape the courts when in 1992 Alison Halford, who was the hig hest ranked serving female officer with the position of assistant chief constable, pursued a sexual discrimination case against Merseyside police Authority. This was a high profile case widely report in the media about Alison not getting a promotion she felt she deserved after nine attempts to secure the job. The case resulted in a success and subsequently encouraged other women to take action and in that same year a number of other cases were reported in the media. . However for approximately it was seen as a step backwards when one senior female police officer said, It has not improved the image of the police and for that reason I wonder whether it has not ultimately damaged the cause of equal opportunities. The case did not go unnoticed with three female duty Chief Constables being appointed by 1994 and the first women Chief Constable, Pauline Clare, who headed the Lancashire PoliceHaving analysed the recruitment of women into the police and some of the reasons why fewer women go on to join the force than men it leads us to discuss the experiences of women who become policewomen. The police are nested in society so it could be said the female role in society, reflects their role in the police. By this I refer to women not being allow to join the front line of the army or other protective stances society takes towards women. In the research by Wersch it was found that women were associated with suspect specialisms which was known as warm, fuzzy policing. This reflects the idea of protecting women from the harder crimes, which involved more danger, by limiting their roles within the force. So does this mean that roles in the police force are gendered or simply that women find this sort of work easier than their male counterparts? In a US study by Miller it was concluded that women find it not only more comfortable to deal with the image of social work, the touchy-feely type tasks it involved, but were also better at that particular type of job. However it appears that a general statement such as this is sweeping in its assumption that all women as a category find this work comfortable. Many women in the police force feel there is no pick being assigned duties based on their gender and however hard they tried to be just one of the boys all had to face questions about their role and status.The aforementioned need to be one of the boys has been researched as a coping mechanism in order to be treated on a equal footing as their male counter parts. Women feel pressure by the macho culture to either get on with the job given or take on the characteristics of their male counterparts, macho characteristics. Both this idea and that of promotional opportunities are seen in the writing on Malcolm Young, Women who do breach the boundary to penetrate this masculine world can only ever be partially successful and will often have to subsume male characteristics to achieve even limited social acceptability. This apparent adoption of masculine quali ties make women who stay in the force, tolerated almost as honorary men. The idea was excellently summarised by Ehrlich-Martin (1980) by identifying strategies of POLICEwomen or policeWOMEN, the choice between fulfilling their traditional role associated with women in society or adopting the male culture. However even women who do not adopt these characteristics and instead opt for traditionally female posts have a hard time. A male officer described a female officers work in the schools liaison department, No crisp Saturday nights working the town and lots of school holidays what does she do when the kids are off? (male PC 1994). Women appear to be at a disadvantage no point what road they choose.Discrimination within the police force came to a head with the tragedy of Steven Lawrence sparking great debate about discrimination within society. Steven was a young black youth who was killed by a group of white youths. The police interrogative sentence was said to be led by racial discrimination and initiated an inquiry. The Stephen Lawrence inquiry led to an exclusion of racial language in the force. For many this was reduced through risk of being disciplined rather than a change in attitude. It was said by a PC in site 7 that officers did not use racist language because it was too risky Too many muckle are scared of not grassing you up. This would suggest that without changing attitude through education and understanding the once canteen culture will be driven under ground and felt in less overt forms of discrimination.This infamous inquiry led to a close scrutiny of the force and a home Officer research project entitled Assessing the impact of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry . The main aim of which was to evaluate the impact of the inquiry, examining the changes it made and the relationships within the force. While it authentic progress made such as the recording, monitoring and responses to hate crime and the general excision of racist language from the p olice service, there was evidence that these developments were not employed uniformly across the force. The inquiry drew out, not only the structural dimensions of the police in relation to women, but also their treatment day to day through the observational nature of the research.Its clear that structurally the force is kinder to the male in bounds of numbers and promotional opportunities but what of the day to day treatment women face. The Stephen Lawrence inquiry was said by many police officers to have removed the workplace banter with one officer saying, you cant have a laugh and a joke like you could However for many minority groups and women this was not a negative thing as they often found themselves on the end of such banter. One female officer stated she, developed quite a hard skin. The issue relating to the womens responses to the question, in my option, lies in the question itself. So what is this banter and does it in fact reflect a sexism undertone. This idea of humi liation was identified in Chaplins work by saying that with pre-existing social structures, defining women as domestic beings and men in the public sphere is enhanced in the police force creating social conflict and humiliation. Policewomen are often on the end of so called banter which reflects their body or that of women around them. The body of women are discussed, measured and laughed at. It is ogled and lusted over, sneered at, ridiculed, drooled over and constrained into a repressed form. Women are seen as over sensitive creatures meaning women feel to complain about this banter between work colleagues would be to reaffirm the male suspicion. Evidence of this is shown in Malcolm Youngs research when he states that, In the 300 nicknames in my fieldname collection, those relating to women almost always symbolize size and ugliness or fasten onto an allegedly sexual potency.Much of the research on this subject agree that there is sexism in the police with the discussion centring a round the degree of its prominence however this is not a completely accepted view. Criticism has been made of some literature based on their assumption that police sub-culture is the principal guide to action Waddington argues that this overlooks wider culture, which in turn makes police culture not an insular idea, but a reflection of stories, myths and anecdotes of their wider culture Although much of his other arguments appear unfounded this does strike a cord concerning what annotation the term brings up. Perhaps as Janet Chan said, police culture has become a convenient label for a range of negative values, attitudes and practice norms among officers. This term, by way of its implied expectations of behaviour, causes people who have had no experience with the police to become armchair critics, overlooking the honest, polite, non-violent, non-racist and non-sexist officers evidently in the force.Any marginalisation in the police appears to stem from societies traditional role of women. With the police being nested in society and many of the officers being working class males from lower class backgrounds it appears less of a blatant sexism and more of a lack of education and social upbringing. Sexism cannot be said to be blatant due to the progress of womens integration into the police force. However there is clearly some form of sexual undercurrent stemming from promotional opportunities available to female officers and the banter they experience in everyday work. With society changing there is a upstart perception as to a women and their place and abilities, so as to womens future in the police I would be inclined to look on it favorably recognising a better understanding in society as a whole. With the emergence of new police officers there will hopefully be a change in stereotypical views of women, through better education and understanding. Throughout this analysis women have been seen as a category and not individuals, perhaps it is in this generalis ation that the problem finds it routes, Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, She doesnt have what it takes. They will say, Women dont have what it takes.