Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

Christmas Carol EssayHave you ever met a man so jolly that you could see he was all in all in a glow and so jolly that his euphoric spirit just poured off him like wine into a glass? Or, possibly, you have met a man so poor that his warmth for the winter is a mere flicker of a flame on a usher outdlewick? Dickens demonstrates through the engross of such characters that it does not matter how very much money you posses, a person can hold a personality and characteristics independent of their financial status. barbarians nephew, Fred, is a attractive young man, who, lives each second as though it were his last.Most importantly, Fred thinks a great deal about Christmas and how it should be celebrated with great caring spirit. Fred asks Scrooge to dine with them on Christmas Day, but Scrooge explains he would see him in extremity first. This shows the cruel, cold-hearted nature of Mr. Scrooge. But for Scrooges nephew to leave the room without an angry word proves that Fr ed is a true, delightful person that opens his care to however the most miserable of people. As Fred leaves the building and passes by Bob Cratchit, the clerk, he bestows the greetings of the season on the clerk This exposure has a great importance to show, the pleasant nature of Fred and the depressing character of Scrooge. In this same scene, Dickens under-mines the whole reason for the importance of Fred and Bob. Fred, although not as exuberant as Scrooge, still manages to enjoy his wealth and be a jolly person. Scrooge is fabulously wealthy, and yet he does not spend even the smallest mensuration of his money to enjoy himself. What reason have you to be merry? Youre poor enough. This shows that Scrooge thinks all happiness is to do with wealth, yet if that were true, he would be happy himself, would he not? It is apparent, therefore, that Dickens created Fred as another side of the Rich Man character that we see in Scrooge, the stereotypical miserable rich loner. Bob, unli ke Fred, is the Poor Man and the antithesis of Scrooge in the story. Thus, Dickens created a symbolic character to emulate the Lower classes. He is treated so unbelievably cruelly by Scrooge, yet, he remains a cheerful man who enjoys his Christmas.Without Fred and Bob, the story would not show that money means nothing in equipment casualty of happiness. We meet Fred again at his Christmas party, as people put Scrooge down with horrible but vital words to the moral, His wealth is of no engage to him. He dont do any good with it. This action helps us to understand that although Scrooge could give pleasure with the wealth his possesses, he does not and is miserable. Fred helps the reader to understand, by explaining that Scrooge should not be despised but pitied.Fred quietly explained to us the first time we met him, Scrooges money does him no good and that his offences carry their own punishment. Fred is nigh the complete opposite of Mr. Scrooge and the scene shows how compassion ate he is and how caring he can be. This is important to the story because it gives Scrooge a chance to turn in himself from the mistakes he has made and shows us that someone in the world still cares for him. It also shows us what Scrooge can become, for both Fred and Scrooge come from real similar backgrounds.If Fred can enjoy Christmas, why cant Scrooge? Although Bob is unlike Fred in the sense that they do not own the same amount of money, they are similar when you compare their loving nature. Bob cares so much for his family that when he is told his daughter is not coming for Christmas dinner, his joyous nature collapses and he has a sudden declension of high spirits. Also, when Bob gives a toast to Mr Scrooge his wife insults Scrooge Even though Scrooge depreciates Bob, Bob honours his government agency by standing up for his dignity and demonstrates his loyalty to Scrooge.This character, like Fred, is caring but makes the reader believe that Scrooge is an awful cold-heart ed man and to be so hurtful to such a joyful man is inhumane. That is why at the end of the story we understand that scrooge has changed because he now shows that he can also care for these characters and that by giving others money and caring for his workers, one of the morals of this story is explicated. Such an important personality cannot be missed for many an(prenominal) of the morals throughout these staves.The importance of these characters cannot be put on a scale, but I can say that these characters are needed for the story to draw close and without them such significant messages cannot be made. I conclude that, although the names of the characters may not matter, the overall situations and characters of Fred and Bob, are pivotal because they show that it does not matter how much money you have, you can still be happy, honour others and make others happy. Fred and Bob are employed by Charles Dickens to show this in antithesis to Scrooge.

Technology in the 20th Century Paper Essay Example for Free

Technology in the 20th Century Paper EssayThere argon many notability advances made in technology that took place during the twentieth century. The world gradually moved from the industrial age into the technology age during this era. Once technology took clutch nothing could hold back the flood of its advancement and the innovation that grew from it. Of all of the important advancements three standouts that are intimately connected are the inventions of the radio, computers, and the internet. The radio could be said as the beginning of the information age and the sharing of information worldwide. The RadioThe radio in truth made it possible for the first time in macrocosms history for an audience to hear a person from many miles away. Before the television the radio was a way of gathering of slew and families to share news and the storytelling that would come once perhaps been told just about a communal fire. According to Kinsey, between the years of 1909 and 1927 Britain, America, Australia, South Africa, and the Netherlands were all broadcasting wirelessly by dint of the radio (Kinsey, 2005). During this time radio broadcasts were all commercial, but that soon gave way to other kinds of broadcasts including music.ComputersAnother huge advancement created in the twentieth century is the computer. The computers that are enjoyed today hardly resemble the huge calculating machines that were created around the time of the second world war. In 1944 the very first electronic- mechanical computer called tally 1 was created at Harvard. This machine was a massive calculator that was fifty one feet wide and eight feet tall (Chee, 1997). The beginning of the smaller computers that we know today started in 1959 when Honeywell developed the first computers that used transistors. These were followed by IBM who used integrated circuits. The very first personal computers were built in the 1970s with the computers that are recognisable today starting in 1974 with the first Apple PC being created in 1977. Computer technology continues to grow and expand creating increasingly smaller and double-quick machines to keep upwith todays fast paced life. The small seven or eight inch portable ipad has little resemblance to its humongous beginner the MARK 1.The InternetThe internets history is tied to the government and the Cold War in the 1960s. The over 300,000 networks that cover much of the world actually saw its beginning as a system that was created to use satellites and radio transmissions to communicate for the military. The problem with the system was that there were not any networks to share the information. A system that solved this problem was created in 1982 and by 1993 the World Wide Web was popularized by nuclear physists that needed to communicate with each other (Chee, 1997). By the end of the 1980s a number of mostly professional people were utilizing the Internet and email, but by the 1990s the internet would fit massive growth. By the end of 1999 the number of people using the internet was estimated to be 248 million (Cohen, 2011). The world has been made a smaller place because of the internet. People all around the earth can see events that are happening real time in places they may never physically get to visit. The many challenges that persist for humanity are made visible on a daily basis which in turn can be a way for people to see one another as extensions of themselves instead of enemies to be conquered.In conclusion, the social changes that arose from two world wars fertilized a society that was eager to learn and explore our world. duration the society of the twentieth century struggled to gain realistic views of humanity, technological advancements like the radio, computers, and the Internet helped to create a much smaller world. The technology that is taken for given(p) in todays society had very humble beginnings in the twentieth century. That technology has helped to close the gap and eras e some of the imaginary lines that have historically separated the worlds population. These innovations have helped to heal the collective scars of decades of war, proving to humanity that we are alike in more ways than we could ever imagine.ReferencesChee, H. W. (1997, flaw 27). Brief look at the history of computers. New Straits Times. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/269127308?accountid=458Cohen-Almagor, R. (2011). Internet History. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT), 2(2), 45-64. doi10.4018/jte.2011040104ArticleKinsey, M.(2005). Radio. In Key concepts in journalism studies. Retrieved from http//search.credoreference.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ glut/entry/sageukjour/radio/0

Role And Status Of Women In The Police

Role And Status Of Wo hands In The PoliceQ. Its non blatant sexism, its more than like a sexual undercurrent (Fe male Police Officer cited in Foster et al. 2005). From your reading of the broader explore literature, how soundly does this state manpowert describe guard works market-gardening? Review the implications of your answer for the image and status of women in the constabulary.I do not wish them (women) to hand power over men, just over themselves. Women have historic exclusivelyy played the business office of the protected not the protector. The legal philosophy hurl is historically a male orientated domain. Policing was seen as a seam allocated to tough, manful acts of crime-fighting and thief-taking. This lent itself to a male, macho culture in which women played no part. As aptly put by Malcolm Young, the opportunities for women argon constrained by hierarchies of dominance in which the masculine view prioritizes. For this author gender is a difficult model in the masculine culture it creates. For the few women who did enter into this male club they were appoint to station duties as opposed to pounding the street. The initial idea of policing was strongly linked to masculinity, historically males were responsible for physical labour and defense of the family. Women have had to fight hard against this stereotype and it is an uphill struggle they seem still to be fighting to twenty-four hour period, however with the emergence of this distinction brought forth by the Stephen Lawrence tragedy, policing has come under tight scrutiny. In order to richly examine whether there is discrimination towards women in the police force there exigencys to be a discussion on womens history, outlining any progress over the years, and experience in modern solar day policing. This impart uncover the dominance of any discrimination and the steps taken to counter it.Before any such digest can take place there must be analysis into what constitutes a n undercurrent. Is it give guidance if one police officer said almostthing weekly, should it be rather a sort out of officers and what is the frequency of this behaviour? conversely what is the definition of blatant sexism. Is it blatant if the comment is tell straight to a women about an issue solely related to women, quote about period. Also can this be said to be sexism as a concept or simply miss placed humour? Blatant is defined as, without any attempt at concealment completely obvious. These two ideas are not easily categorised, they appear to have a fluid quality rather than definite perimeters. In order to understand these things as a concept there needs to be an examination of modern and past policing and the resulting experiences.Women being fully integrated into the police force is a recent development. Previously women police officers were a separate part of the police. Margaret Damer Dawson, an anti-white slavery campaigner, and Nina Boyle, a militant suffragett e journalist founded the Women Police Service in 1914. This was made up of women volunteers and it was not until 1930, women police were fully attested and given limited powers of arrest. In 1969 the womens branch of officers was dissolved in anticipation of the Equal Pay Act. Despite this women police were still treated as a separate section of the service. Women were not completely integrated into the police force until 1973. This suggests any discrimination faced by women may not be direct as could be seen towards women in the army, where women are excluded from positions which require face-to-face combat with the enemy. There has been legislation put in place to help with this desegregation but despite the apparent willingness to treat women as equals there may still be an undercurrent of sexism throughout the force.The first step seen to integrate women in the UK was the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. This Act made it unlawful to discriminate against women, either directly or in directly, in the field of employment. It seemed optimistic at silk hat to think that one act of parliament could change a history of discrimination and ingrained ideas about gender. The male culture was not keen for basis change from their conservative origins. This prevalent masculine culture is shown from a quote taken after the legislation was passed from sergeant Sheena Thomas, before I was promoted, a old officer told me that once I remembered I was a mere woman and not police officer, I would get on far better. A take exception to the male dominated structure was not welcome making application not openly enforced. The history of policing is important in discussing modern policing as it allows for a better understanding of inn ideals, as Reiner said, An understanding of how police officers see the well-disposed valet de chambre and their role in it cop culture is crucial to an analysis of what they do and their broad political function. In recent statistics a division between women and male officers is prominent in not only the amount of raw-bearing(prenominal) officers but also in promotional materialal positions.According to the official statistics dated 31st March 2009 across England and Wales, women are not a particularly well represented group in the police force. The number of full time officers reached 141,647, out of these 32.8% were female police officers. This illustrates how women are still a minority group in the police force however there is further data that may give more weight to a claim of sexism in police practice. Women, in the same year of statistical data, were also shown to be under represented in positions of authority in the police. Examples are as followsMale female Total percentageChief superintendent 448 60 508 12%Superintendent 938 120 1,058 11%However at the lowest position there is a greater equality in distributionMale Female Total percentageConstable 79,430 30,801 110,231 28%The difference in numbers between wo men and men in the powerful positions could relate to the lower numbers of women applying to the police force. The question has to be asked is why are so few women applying to the force?There could be umteen reasons why women do not apply to the force, the obvious issue which stands out when thinking about police work and the gender divide is the disposition of the work. This is generally thought to be male orientated due to the notion of the physical aspect attached to the job and the danger involved in it. Womens bodies have become a way of specify their readiness for the job. The idea of women as weak creatures is reflected in the police force, mainly in regard to physical strength. This presumed failing reflects both physical and mental readiness, for the crime fighting nature of the job. In reality however this stereotypical idea of what police work involves may not be representative of reality. Much of police work involves administration and petty crime prevention, it is n ot the fast pace, dangerous profession TV may imply. For this reason it is hard to see why any physical differences between male and females should make a real difference in the active duty of a police officer, self image of the police is that of crime-fighters and this is not just a distortion of what they do, it is virtually a collective delusionAnother aspect that leads the police to a more male orientated idea is the offenders with which they deal. As the majority of crimes are committed by men the job lends itself to male officers. This is to do with duplicate strength, males are seen as the stronger of the two and viewed as better equipped to deal with male offenders.The above statistics show that women are under represented in the police force, but what of the distribution of males and females in positions of power, does the unequal distribution reflect the smaller numbers of women in the force or sexual discrimination? The ratio of men to women in the constable role almost parallels the percentage of the overall police force between women and men, at 28%. This cannot be said of the higher positions. For typeface the total number of superintendents is merely 11%. This percentage discrepancy between males and females in positions of authority does not match that of the lower ranks, making me more disposed to agree with Sandra and her opinion of womens promotional opportunities once recruited, their road to the top is certainly a greasy pole.Research which supports this claim is evident over the years. Kinsey (1985) took empirical present in Merseyside that showed 43% of officers under 30 on station duty (least prestigious job) were women. Coffey, browned and Savage (1992) showed findings that women were under represented in many special(prenominal) departments and totally absent from others. Brown, Maidment and Bull (1992) look fored deployment patterns of women police officers which showed that they gravitated towards low frequency labour intensi ve specialised tasks. An example given for such tasks was supporting rape victims. Anderson, Brown and Campbell said women officers are limited in the amount and type of experiences they are able to gain. This in turn affects their job satisfaction and may inhibit their promotion prospects. That fewer women than men achieve promotion in turn can reinforce male stereotype about womens abilitiesResearch had shown that women feel undermined and undervalued by the predominantly male, heterosexual culture. They felt that their roles in the team were often restricted and that they had to work a great deal harder than their male counterparts to prove themselves. As one officer said, the only thing I can do is just put my head down, work hard and prove myself. Which is depressing, but its reality isnt it. The only way I can earn respect is to work harder than everybody else.This apparent sexual discrimination has not managed to escape the courts when in 1992 Alison Halford, who was the hig hest ranked serving female officer with the position of assistant chief constable, pursued a sexual discrimination case against Merseyside police Authority. This was a high profile case widely report in the media about Alison not getting a promotion she felt she deserved after nine attempts to secure the job. The case resulted in a success and subsequently encouraged other women to take action and in that same year a number of other cases were reported in the media. . However for approximately it was seen as a step backwards when one senior female police officer said, It has not improved the image of the police and for that reason I wonder whether it has not ultimately damaged the cause of equal opportunities. The case did not go unnoticed with three female duty Chief Constables being appointed by 1994 and the first women Chief Constable, Pauline Clare, who headed the Lancashire PoliceHaving analysed the recruitment of women into the police and some of the reasons why fewer women go on to join the force than men it leads us to discuss the experiences of women who become policewomen. The police are nested in society so it could be said the female role in society, reflects their role in the police. By this I refer to women not being allow to join the front line of the army or other protective stances society takes towards women. In the research by Wersch it was found that women were associated with suspect specialisms which was known as warm, fuzzy policing. This reflects the idea of protecting women from the harder crimes, which involved more danger, by limiting their roles within the force. So does this mean that roles in the police force are gendered or simply that women find this sort of work easier than their male counterparts? In a US study by Miller it was concluded that women find it not only more comfortable to deal with the image of social work, the touchy-feely type tasks it involved, but were also better at that particular type of job. However it appears that a general statement such as this is sweeping in its assumption that all women as a category find this work comfortable. Many women in the police force feel there is no pick being assigned duties based on their gender and however hard they tried to be just one of the boys all had to face questions about their role and status.The aforementioned need to be one of the boys has been researched as a coping mechanism in order to be treated on a equal footing as their male counter parts. Women feel pressure by the macho culture to either get on with the job given or take on the characteristics of their male counterparts, macho characteristics. Both this idea and that of promotional opportunities are seen in the writing on Malcolm Young, Women who do breach the boundary to penetrate this masculine world can only ever be partially successful and will often have to subsume male characteristics to achieve even limited social acceptability. This apparent adoption of masculine quali ties make women who stay in the force, tolerated almost as honorary men. The idea was excellently summarised by Ehrlich-Martin (1980) by identifying strategies of POLICEwomen or policeWOMEN, the choice between fulfilling their traditional role associated with women in society or adopting the male culture. However even women who do not adopt these characteristics and instead opt for traditionally female posts have a hard time. A male officer described a female officers work in the schools liaison department, No crisp Saturday nights working the town and lots of school holidays what does she do when the kids are off? (male PC 1994). Women appear to be at a disadvantage no point what road they choose.Discrimination within the police force came to a head with the tragedy of Steven Lawrence sparking great debate about discrimination within society. Steven was a young black youth who was killed by a group of white youths. The police interrogative sentence was said to be led by racial discrimination and initiated an inquiry. The Stephen Lawrence inquiry led to an exclusion of racial language in the force. For many this was reduced through risk of being disciplined rather than a change in attitude. It was said by a PC in site 7 that officers did not use racist language because it was too risky Too many muckle are scared of not grassing you up. This would suggest that without changing attitude through education and understanding the once canteen culture will be driven under ground and felt in less overt forms of discrimination.This infamous inquiry led to a close scrutiny of the force and a home Officer research project entitled Assessing the impact of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry . The main aim of which was to evaluate the impact of the inquiry, examining the changes it made and the relationships within the force. While it authentic progress made such as the recording, monitoring and responses to hate crime and the general excision of racist language from the p olice service, there was evidence that these developments were not employed uniformly across the force. The inquiry drew out, not only the structural dimensions of the police in relation to women, but also their treatment day to day through the observational nature of the research.Its clear that structurally the force is kinder to the male in bounds of numbers and promotional opportunities but what of the day to day treatment women face. The Stephen Lawrence inquiry was said by many police officers to have removed the workplace banter with one officer saying, you cant have a laugh and a joke like you could However for many minority groups and women this was not a negative thing as they often found themselves on the end of such banter. One female officer stated she, developed quite a hard skin. The issue relating to the womens responses to the question, in my option, lies in the question itself. So what is this banter and does it in fact reflect a sexism undertone. This idea of humi liation was identified in Chaplins work by saying that with pre-existing social structures, defining women as domestic beings and men in the public sphere is enhanced in the police force creating social conflict and humiliation. Policewomen are often on the end of so called banter which reflects their body or that of women around them. The body of women are discussed, measured and laughed at. It is ogled and lusted over, sneered at, ridiculed, drooled over and constrained into a repressed form. Women are seen as over sensitive creatures meaning women feel to complain about this banter between work colleagues would be to reaffirm the male suspicion. Evidence of this is shown in Malcolm Youngs research when he states that, In the 300 nicknames in my fieldname collection, those relating to women almost always symbolize size and ugliness or fasten onto an allegedly sexual potency.Much of the research on this subject agree that there is sexism in the police with the discussion centring a round the degree of its prominence however this is not a completely accepted view. Criticism has been made of some literature based on their assumption that police sub-culture is the principal guide to action Waddington argues that this overlooks wider culture, which in turn makes police culture not an insular idea, but a reflection of stories, myths and anecdotes of their wider culture Although much of his other arguments appear unfounded this does strike a cord concerning what annotation the term brings up. Perhaps as Janet Chan said, police culture has become a convenient label for a range of negative values, attitudes and practice norms among officers. This term, by way of its implied expectations of behaviour, causes people who have had no experience with the police to become armchair critics, overlooking the honest, polite, non-violent, non-racist and non-sexist officers evidently in the force.Any marginalisation in the police appears to stem from societies traditional role of women. With the police being nested in society and many of the officers being working class males from lower class backgrounds it appears less of a blatant sexism and more of a lack of education and social upbringing. Sexism cannot be said to be blatant due to the progress of womens integration into the police force. However there is clearly some form of sexual undercurrent stemming from promotional opportunities available to female officers and the banter they experience in everyday work. With society changing there is a upstart perception as to a women and their place and abilities, so as to womens future in the police I would be inclined to look on it favorably recognising a better understanding in society as a whole. With the emergence of new police officers there will hopefully be a change in stereotypical views of women, through better education and understanding. Throughout this analysis women have been seen as a category and not individuals, perhaps it is in this generalis ation that the problem finds it routes, Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, She doesnt have what it takes. They will say, Women dont have what it takes.

Environmental And Social Impacts Of Deforestation Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental And Social Impacts Of De timberlandation Environmental Sciences EssayPakistan is blessed by many things timbers be one of them, which cover 4.224 million Hectare (ha) which is 4.8% of the come up land vault of heaven (Wild keep of Pakistan). Out of these 4604 ha area is covered by forests in Khyber-pakhun-khwa (KPK) and Northern areas. Between 1981 and 1990, there had been a 4.3% decrease in forest areas of the Tropical Asia and Oceania, which Pakistan is a part of. During 21st century, 1.6% deforestation had been occurring each year. This is an alarming situation and postulate to be stalled and then reversed, if possible (Wildlife Pakistan).Deforestation is a great threat against ecosystem and deteriorating the relationship between human and ecosystem. It is a main reason of Global Warming. The conventional view of deforestation is that rural pot overexploits forests for topical anesthetic consumptive utilise and also the timber and woods traders using all po ssible ways to smuggle woods. The demand of concourse of outgo of wood is increasing, gibe to bureau of statistics the consumption of wood in 1993 was 29.5 million cubic meters where as in the year 2010 it was around 50 million cubic meters. Pakistan, at present, is producing lonesome(prenominal) 14 million cubic meters of wood.Over 80 percent of the population in KPK is below the scantness level, which consumes available inwrought resources for their survival, which results to deforestation.Deforestation contributes in the deprivation of Biodiversity by affecting the Wild feel in forests. It is the main source of causing climate transmit, which results to Global warming, which is the major problem of the world, it is the reason of the dramatic change in temperature, from which Pakistan is suffering. No recycling of water, less carbondioxcide and nitrogen exchange, more decertification, soil erosion, decrease in rainfall rate indicates the alarming rate of deforestation.Th e area where this look into has been conducted is Basho valley which is located in Batistan region in the northern areas of Pakistan. The valley ascends from the s asidehern side of the Indus river with the altitude of 2060 approximately above the level of the sea towards Banak La mountain at 5500m.The findings show that the forest has been decreased 50% in Basho valley and the rate decreased after establishment of the valley in 1968.1950 battalion of the population of the valley which regards on the forest for energy necessities, cooking purposes, and heating.The theory of huge deforestation referable to fast population growth and local use the field did not support this theory.The involve indicates that the improved convenience combined with mismanagement of the forest department which is main factor in deforestation in Basho valley. The forest department is very much involved in deforestation as they support all the illegal commercial harvesting on a large scale.Damage to t he forest in the valley has done due to the authorities of the superiors in forest department. A lot of woods which is fallen or green from the valley forest has been taken by the outsiders or the contractors using some informal permits which is called chits and the officers of the government department has given incentives from this systems by receiving payments.As by local elders the contractors took wood around ten times more than the quota which was allocated to them officially for the construction of government buildings. The contractors then sell out the woods in Skardu commercialise to earn or they build their own shops and houses.The result of the corrupt performance or activities done by the government faculty or the increased nettle to a forest in the last thirty years the forest has been reduced significantly.The methodology which is used in the study is that the soft data which has been selected for the study by the author in 8 years.During this period of time he meet with the officers of forest department, he also get interacted with the forest contractors and few people of the valley which includes men and women.Interviews has been conducted which was both individual and group in the three different workshops which was conducted by Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) and the Norwegian University of Life Science. At least ten people attended the workshop who was representative of the different villages near Basho valley.Some meetings were also arranged in each village. virtually 95 people attended all the workshops in which 65 were women and 30 were men.The interview has also taken by the officers of the Basho development organization.As bid this some(prenominal) interviews were conducted there in valley from local jeep owners who transport woods to the people, from the local volunteers and 16 stakeholders in which twain were women and 14 were men.Survey was also conducted in different villages with different group discussions and some k ey respondent interviews and this period was of six months. These fieldworks were also consisted of survey of price, natural resource and village profiles.For the improving of diachronic information about Basho valleys forest cardinal pictures were taken, the first one is Landsat Multispectral scanner (MSS) image which was of 20 July 1976 and Landsat-7(ETM+) image which was of 16 august 2002.Rafi khan S., and S. Rafi khan (2009)Assessing povertydeforestation links Evidence from swat, PakistanEcological Economics 68 (2009) 2607-2618KeywordsEcological degradationDeforestationPovertyLocal institutionsResource managementThe literature analyzes the linkage between poverty and deforestation in Swat valley, KPK. As the little community has no approach to energy resources like Oil and Gas, so they depend upon wood and timber more than other classes of the country, which results to deforestation. But the hypothesis of the researchers stood wrongs and they debated further that poverty has no link with deforestation.This study has highlighted the historical, empirical and institutional aspects of deforestation. Historically, the research took out the history of 16th century, where forests were protected by the institution and departments assigned for forests by the Walis (Kings) of Swat Valley.When in 20thcentury, Swat was merged into Pakistan in 1969 forests were ignored due to poor managerial and the policies of Pakistan. By reason of rapid rise in Timber prices, the forest departments, for more incentives, collude with Forest Mafias than to protect forests. The corrupt department and the lack of communication between revenue department and forestry also helped in speeding up the exploitation of forests.Locals of Swat valley depend on the forests for daily life use and are also a main source of income for them. Such dependency and also historical and institutional evolution clearly describe the rights of locals on these resources. It is required for Pakistan to loo k after the managerial skills of forestry department and prevent them for colluding with Forest Mafias. Only such policies can avoid the exploitation of these resources.The sample were selected in the study and that was of 12 villages of Swat in which five villages from low eco zone, iv from mid zone and three from high zone. Information of household was collected by 403 households.For the qualitative analysis 200 households were selected for information from six additional villages from high zone.For the analysis of resource dependence, information was collected on resource income (RI) as the dependent uncertain and the independent variables included income from other sources or non-resource income (NRI) and livestock numbers (LS), given their potential impact on resource degradation.The total aggregate income was derived from natural resources (fuel wood collection, timber, fodder, no timber forest products, fish, and forest royalties) agriculture (crops and orchards as an annua l figure including both kharif(summer) and rabi (winter) seasoncrops) livestock employment donations/transfers forest royalties and rental income.Ali T., M. Ahmad, Babar and Abid (2007)Impact of participatory forest management on financial assetsof rural communities in Northwest PakistanEcological economics 63 (2007)588-593KeywordsNorthwest PakistanParticipatory forestryFinancial assetsLivelihood strategies look into paper indicates the relationship between forest management and the livelihood of locals of KPK. It is shown in the paper that the cash needs of local communities is not dependent on natural resources like forests but rather non-cash needs are dependent on forest like use of wood in day to day needs such as cooking, constructions etc.Interviews with different people of local community show how forest management is difficult for locals. They say, people living on mountains are completely dependent on forest for survival as they have no other ways available, unlike people living on sea-level like Punjab. It is further argued, that locals cannot be motivated for forest management before giving them economical benefits.These are the reasons which are involved in deforestation in KPK. To avoid deforestation in KPK, government must give priority to the needs of locals which are dependent on forest such availability of resources like Oil and Gas, economical benefits etc. Locals must be employed on the conservation of forest and incentives should be given to them. Government should focus on people at macro level and should work on microcredit and infrastructure development before the implementation of macro projects.The study shows that two main districts were selected of NWFP (KPK) which was Mansehra and Swat because these two districts were having maximum forest cover.In these two districts there were two types of villages, project villages and non project villages. Eight villages were selected randomly which consist of four from each districts in which two were project villages and two were non project villages.For quantitative data survey were conducted with a questionnaire. 400 households were selected in both districts. 200 were from each district in which light speed from project villages and 100 from non project villages.Tahir S.N.A. ,M.Rafique,A.S. Alaamer.(2010)Biomass fuel burning and its implications Deforestation and greenhouse suckes emissions in PakistanEnvironmental Pollution 158 (2010) 2490-2495Keywords Deforestation Biomass burning Brick kilns Green house gas emissionThe article indicates the impact of biomass fuel burning due to deforestation and greenhouse gasses emission. Pakistan has an average population of 170 million and average growth in population is 2.4%. Whereas 54% of energy requirement is met from conventional means and the remaining 46% from natural resources like wood and coal. Forests in Pakistan cover a total area of 2.4%, and deforestation rate in Pakistan 1.68%. Gasses emission from human body and brick making in big cities s higher that fresh environment due to forests. This results to polluting of environment.As Pakistan imports coal from foreign countries, therefore, it is expensive for brick maker to use coal, so they prefer to use wood which is comparatively cheaper, which results to deforestation.The study has found out the consumption of wood by brick builder due to deforestation is estimated to be 1378,000 m3.Global warming is assessed to be increasing rapidly due to high rate of greenhouse gasses emission.Researcher has found out these results for helping others for study in same field.For the collection of data 180 brick kilns of 18 provincial divisions in all of four provinces of Pakistan were selected. In each division 10 brick units were randomly selected and surveyed and this was questionnaire based.The emission of total carbon is estimated by applying the basic methodology. This was done by multiplying the quantity of biomass burnt (t dm) by the fraction o f biomass oxidized and the biomass carbon content (t C/t dm) (IPCC,1994). The default value of 0.9 is used for the fraction of biomass oxidized. Whereas, for woody biomass, a conversion factor of 0.5 t C/tdmis used.(Ct = Mt *Mf)Where in Equation (1), Ct, Mt and Mf represent total biomass burnt(tdm),fraction of biomass oxidized(0.9)and woody biomass carbon content(0.5tC/tdm) respectively.TheemissionofCO2 from fuel wood burning can be estimated by conversion of total carbon content(tC) to Carbon dioxide content (tCO2) using the conversion ratio of 44 t CO2/12 t C(Ct = Mt _*Mf)Qasim M. ,K. Hubacek,M, Termansen,A. Khan(2011)Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use pattern in District Swat, Hindu KushHimalayan region of PakistanApplied geography 31 (2011) 820-828KeywordsSpatial analysisLand use changeLand degradationRemote sensingGISDeforestationSwatPakistanAccording to Pakistani officials the forest are increasing due to deforestation and environmental awareness. In a contrast with Pa kistani officials, international researches and statistics shows a rapid rate of increasing in deforestation have is 1.68% annually. This study is about the difference between Pakistani and international statistics.In this study District Swat is taken as a subject matter which is a part of the high altitude Hindu Kush Himalaya region of Pakistan comprising a diverse set of biophysical, ecological and socio-economic characteristics. The forest land in converting into agriculture land and also uses for developmental reasons like roads, infrastructure and construction etc. which results to deforestation in the locality.In Kalam, forest area is decreased by 30.5% with 11.4% of the deforestation caused by agricultural expansion.In Malamjaba, forests decreased by 49.7% over the last 40 years. Agricultural land expanded by 77.6%.In the Barikot region, forest cover area decreased to 9.5% in 2007, whereas the built up areas increased by 161.4%, and agricultural land expanded by 129.9% consum ing 18.96% of forest area in 2007. Annual deforestation rates observed were 1.86% in scrub forest zone, 1.28% in agro-forest zone and 0.80% in pine forest zone in Swat. Growth of agriculture has largely been achieved at the cost of forests.It is concluded that the claim of Pakistani officials of increasing in forest is wrong but rather decrease rapidly which is alarming.The area where this research has done is district Swat. It is a valley located in a north west of Pakistan consists of many forests.The study was conducted in a form of area divided into three zones i-e zone (A), zone (B) and zone (C).The data selected through maps of different zones and its start from baseline of October 1968 then the Swat state was merged with Pakistan. The next data were selected in 1990 with 2 decades gap in which few important changes took place. The last data was taken out in 2007 which was last available data.The other method used is remote sensing techniques using aerial photograph and satell ite images. It provides the areas in the three vegetation zone.

Function Of Print Media

Function Of marking MediaMedia refers to the groups that communicate information and word of honor to all stack. Media have divided into three types that argon included crisscross media, b trackcast media and net profit. Print media is the oldest media such as newspaper, powder stores, journals, and other targeted material. The printing media is responsible to reporting the latest and accurate news and information. Few type newspapers such as New swell Times and The Star. After that, many another(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) types of clip publisher such as occupation, cultivation, entertainment, travel, cate and fashion magazines. For example, Galaxie is an entertainment magazine and SME entrepreneurship is a business magazine. They depart have regular readers of print media. Broadcast media is the news is broadcast at radio and television. The main broadcast net reverses in Malaysia are RTM1, RTM2, RTM3, NTV7 and 8TV. Local news stations have large count of aud ience beca go for radio channel will report the local weather, traffic and events. Many people will listen to the radio channel especially during break of the day and evening. Nowadays, the internet is the fastest transforming the news because every people know how to online and they will post the latest and updated news on the internet such as Facebook. meshing is a quickly way to transmission the news and information so internet will go forth advantages toward various industries to kindle their business. Besides that, weblogs also is a ways to transmitting the information through and through internet. Media is an important communication channel to disseminated education, business, news, entertainment, data and promotional message.1.1 Function of print media1.1.1 Education IndustriesText book is a type of print media that is transmits the information to all students. Print media rear jockstrap the intellectual and professional person to transmission their knowledge and hump to readers. Newspapers have provides the traffic pattern section for primary and secondary school students to do their revision such as News Straight Times. For example, development Centre is a type of education firm. Print media such as the newspaper and magazine have a loyal readership. This function keep be very useful for advertisers and promote the courses of tuition centre. If you are targeting a specific geographical area, so you send word advertiser the new tuition centre through print media. Magazine can promote the tuition centre through colourful pages and can show the beautiful picture of the tuition centre. Besides that, you also can swan and purpose the cypher of the advertizement. For example, you can choose the size of advertisement space and choose the colour or black and white advertisement. In additional, flyer also can aid promote the tuition centre. Flyer will cheaper than advertise through broadcast media because flyer will give to the target audience directly. If the information of flyer is head so can prove to be a proper option.1.1.2 Business IndustriesNewspapers contain a few of sections such as business section. In the business section will have some article are written by the people are successful in business. They can share their experience and knowledge to all readers. Besides that, print media can help the boutique or shopping complex to promote their products and inform the news of discount the determine of their products to readers. Newspaper contains the job application section which will list the job specification and job description for job applicant. So the company can start the employees intimately through newspaper. Magazines are a suitable option to promote the restaurant. For example, have some cate magazines that have shown to audience about the top ten cate in Ipoh. These will help the tourist easily to find the good restaurant and delicious foods at definite lay. Readers will interest to the advertise ment in magazine because of the better quality paper permits better colour reproduction. These will help the restaurant growth their amount of customer. In additional, contain some business magazine such as Fortune and SME Entrepreneurship magazine. This magazine will mainly analysis on matters affecting the SMEs and Fortune magazine will covering local and internationalist business in news, financial news, technology, companies, global economics and more. Print media will help to convey the useful and update business information to readers.1.1.3 Entertainment Industries each newspaper contains the entertainment section to readers. Entertainment section will show the list and time table of contrasting programs are broadcast in different channels. Besides that, the synopsis of certain program also will show at the entertainment section so readers can choose the icon that you note interest. Therefore, readers can provided their time and watching television program follow the t ime table are show on newspaper. Besides that, the latest news of the artist and singer will write on the newspaper. The asserter of the artist and singer can pay close attention to their idol. In additional, newspaper or magazine also will promote and advertise some new songs, movies and games. The new movies in the cinema will show on the newspaper and magazine. Again, the summary of the new movies also will write on the magazine so readers can briefly understand about the movie. Besides that, have some games guidelines magazine that is show the news games and will explain about the content of the game. New movie are update in every month also will show on the magazine or newspaper. For example, Gempak is a comics magazine these will show and promote the news comics for readers.1.2 Function of internet1.2.1 Education IndustriesWe can easily contact with friends or teachers through internet. Internet can help everyone to find out some information to solve their problem especially students. For example, college students can have it away their college project easily through a small research on internet. Encyclopedia is the biggest source for searching information. The information in encyclopedia is the most good informations so students can get the accurate and update information to complete their projects. Besides that, we also can upgrade our knowledge through internet. In additional, there are lots of Online Learning Programs are available for people who are unable to attend classes or some courses. For example, e-learning has been machinerying out at some college or school. College lectures can transfer the new Moodle version on the internet and the students can download or view the latest Moodle version. E-learning will provide many advantages for student. Students can study at anywhere they have access to a computer and internet connection. Besides that, internet also can help the education industry such as college, university and tuition centre to p romote their courses and show the success history of those industry through some colourful or sounding website or blog. These will help the education industry reduce their expenses to making flyer and can get a good effect through internet.1.2.2 Business IndustriesNowadays, many people will do the online business. Online business means that the company are doing business and earning a profit through internet. Business people must have creativity to create an cunning website and find innovation ways to leverage the internet for business purpose. Business people can create the business website to promote their products or company with some colourful pictures. Therefore, the entrepreneurs will easy to advertise and show the features of their products to every people through internet. They can save time and money because create the business website is free and no need to do face to face presentation with customers. Besides that, the business website is potential for range a wider aud ience compared with print media. For example, a restaurant has created a business website on internet so will attract many customers because of the beautiful and attractive pictures. After that, the company also can update their information of the products or company easily. The consumer can get the latest information through internet. In additional, latest and accurate business information or video about business can be uploading on internet and can search by anyone. Entrepreneur can record a video to promote and introduce their products and upload it on internet. Business person also can have a come across with the partner at foreign country through internet.1.2.3 Entertainment IndustriesPlaying online games are become a habit of mostly teenagers. Internet have many online games to entertain all people especially teenagers and kids. Besides that, songs and movies also can search on internet. We can free to download the song or movie through internet. Next, supporter of the artist s or singer also can get the latest news of their idol. The latest news of the artists or singer can be uploading on the internet. Artists also can share their happiness or experience with their fans through internet. MV of the songs also can be post on certain website such as Youtube. Therefore, singers or artists can promote their songs and movies through internet. In additional, new movies are broadcast on cinema also can upload some trailors to advertise the movies. Therefore, moviegoers can understand the content of movies before watching at cinema.1.3 ConclusionMedia is a good ways to transmission the news and information. Functions of print media are transmission information, entertainment, doing advertising and persuasive. Nowadays, internet has become a basic need for mostly people. During technology changing day by day, we are not only collecting data from internet, we also shopping through internet. Internet was provide many advantages towards varies industry. I seem that print media is suitable for education and the internet is suitable for business and entertainment to transmit information.2.0 Introduction of traffic over-crowdingTraffic congestion means that a situation in which a place is crowded with vehicles. The vehicles were difficult to move around. The numbers of cars on the road are likely to increase so will worsening the problem of traffic congestion. puzzle of traffic jams were eer occurs especially on the expressways are a common sight. Nowadays, most families have at least two cars. Problem of traffic congestion was causes by government and driver. Besides that, traffic incidents, work zones, heavy(a) weather and special events also were cause the traffic congestion. According to the Department of Transportation, incidents account for 25% of traffic congestion, bad weather accounts for 15%, work zones account for 10% and special events is 5%. These is called non- happen congestion. According to the DOT, 45% of traffic congestion is caused by recurring traffic issues. Recurring traffic congestion included insufficient capacity, unrestrained demand, and ineffective management of capacity.2.1 The first viewProblem of traffic congestion should by handle by government. Government should act to reduce the number of cars on the road. Government should set up some overt transport for all people. worldly concern transport should be developed such as bus, valuatei, trains, LRT (Light Rail Transit), monorail and railway. Therefore, the number of private cars will be reducing because we can take the LRT when we needs button to somewhere. Government should set up some talks to all people. These talks are about the advantages of pickings the public transport. Besides that, government also can encourage citizens reduce using the private cars because it should be more high-ticket(prenominal) and inconvenient to take a car out on the road. For example, road tax of the private cars will be expiring after one year. Gove rnment can upgrade the quality of the public transport and make its comfortable, affordable and safe to take. Therefore, many people will choose taking the public transport more than using private cars especially students and workers. If the people will more likely to taking the public transport then the road capacity will increase and the problem of traffic congestion will be handling. For worker, use car pools are a good ways to reduce the traffic congestion at the office hours. Government can make some poster or advertisement talk about the advantages of car pools. Besides that, government can convince the citizens try to use car pools with colleagues or taking public transport. In additional, bad weather is cannot prevented by government but government can try to adjust the design and structure of the roads. Government can implement a plan to manage the roads and provide alternate routes can help the situation. Besides that, the government should increase the taxes of sale of ve hicles and petrol. For example, some workers cannot afford to buy the vehicle of expensive so can reduce the amount of cars. After that, the government also can set the high-priced parking in city area and increase the toll fees. Improve the technology of traffic road also can reduce the traffic congestion. For example, government can set the time-based and sensor-based traffic light control system at four-way intersection. Besides that, government can use the advanced signals, traveler information and updates in real time and emergency evacuation management. sort of than waiting until there is an incident, government should improve technology to more proactive when it comes to traffic congestion.2.2 The second viewThe second view of other people aver that it is the responsibility of several(prenominal)s to use cars less and public transport more to reduce the problem of traffic congestion. As a citizens, we must support and cooperation with the government. Commuters must be will ing to change our behavior related to reduce using the private cars. Therefore, we should support the government policies and follow the new policies to use more public transport. If can reduce the number of private cars so can increase the road capacity. We can use the public transport such as bus and LRT to support for the private cars. For example, students can use car pool and going to shopping or tuition together. We should follow the policies and decision is making by government. Using public transport can help us to reduce the expenses of petrol, toll fees, parking fees, air pollution and can reduce the problem of traffic congestion. Therefore, it is essential that individual accept responsibility help government to reduce traffic congestion and support government initiatives. Besides that, the people also can ride wheel to go to school or work. These also are an action at law to reduce the traffic congestion and air pollution. In additional, citizens also can walk to some where near the house. For example, we can walk to food market if the food market is near by our house. Therefore, we are no need to drive a car and can increase the road capacity.2.3 My opinionTraffic congestion was affects every people at same point, it will caused us to be late for work or school. In conclusion, I seem that government is an important role to reduce the traffic congestion. Government should take action to reduce traffic congestion in large cities. Government should encourage all citizens to use the public transport more than private cars. Besides that, all the citizens also need to support the policies and decision are making by government. All people should take their responsible and cooperation with government to reduce the traffic congestion. Finally, government and all citizens should take action to reduce the problem of traffic congestion together.2.4 ConclusionTraffic congestion means that the cities are crowded by the cars or transport. This problem are alwa ys occurs in large cities. Government should provide more public transport for citizens to reduce the number of private cars. Government can encourage all the citizens use the public transport and improve the quality of public transport to attract citizens use the public transport. This action can help to reduce the traffic congestion in large cities. Government also can set some campaigns to talk and explain about the advantages of reduce the traffic congestion and increase the road capacity. Besides that, other person will say that reduce the traffic congestion are the responsibility of individuals. As a citizen, we must cooperation with the government. We should support the policies are set up by government. The responsible of the people is use the public transport and reduces using the private cars to reduce the traffic congestion. After that, we also can walk or ride a bicycle go to somewhere are near our house.

Thinking And Decision Making :: Critical Thinking Decision Making

Thinking and Decision Making Paper IntroductionThinking is an internal mental process that uses education as input, integrates that information into previous learned material and the result may be knowledge or may be nothing. (Goodpastor et al 2007) Creative conceptualizeing, logical thinking, and compelling thinking are three types of thinking. Each of these types of thinking affects the critical thinking process in various ways. Creative ThinkingCreative thinking involves creating something immature or original. It involves the skills of flexibility, originality, fluency, elaboration, brainstorming, modification, imagery, associative thinking, attribute listing, metaphorical thinking, and forced relationships. The aim of creative thinking is to stimulate curiosity and promote divergence.When an individual learns to expand their way of thinking to inco rporate metaphorical ideas, they will spark the creative thinking process. Creative thinking enables us to open our imagination to new ideas.We can all think creatively. In fact, much of our thinking is in some way connected to creativity constantly there are variations in the processes of our unfolding thoughts. Even when we appear to be thinking in a groove or thinking in circles, if we carefully reflect on the patterns of our thought, we will probably discover that they do not repeat exactly and even when we are intentionally repeating a pattern, such as memorized lines, the lines do not always march into computer storage with the regularity of a metronome often they come haltingly, in pieces, or in tidal waves of changing patterns, even though when we go to speak our thoughts, we might enjoin them smoothly. (Kirby, 2006)

The Invention of the Telephone and How It Has Changed Over the Years Es

The Invention of the Telephone and How It Has Changed Over the Years About 100 years ago, horse parsley Graham Bell invented the telephone byaccident with his assistant Mr. Watson. Over m whatsoever years, the modern version ofthe telephone makes the one that Bell invented look interchangeable a piece of junk.Developments in tone dialing, call tracing, music on h experient, and electronicringers have greatly changed the telephone. This marvelous invention allows us to communicate with the undefiled globe24 hours a day just by punching in a simple telephone number. It is the mostused piece of electronic instrument in the world. It is probably one of the mosteasy to use electronics available too. All you have to do is pick up the pass receiver, listen for the tone, and hence need a number using either tone orpulsing dial. A telephone smoke be separated into two main categories at that place is the tone(touch tone) or the older rotary dial (pulse) telephones. Then you can dividethose into other categories such as business line (multi -- line) or space line(single line). You can also have many other types of phones there are thosethat hang on the wall, on the desk, etc.THE HANDSET No event what kind of telephone you own, there has to be some devicethat allows you to talk to and listen to. This device is called the handset. Thehandset is usually made out of plastic and deep down it are two main componentsthe transmitter and the receiver.THE TRANSMITTER It is the job of the transmitter to turn the air pressure created byyour sound waves to electrical signals so they can be sent to the othertelephone. The waves hit a thin skin called the diaphragm that is physicallyconnected to a reservoir of carbon granules. When the pressure hits thediaphragm, it shakes up the carbon granules. Then the carbon expands andcontracts, depending on what force is exerted. At two points on the outer shellof the reservoir of the carbon are two outlets of electr ical energy from the talkbattery. By applying voltage, a current is made and is passed along the lines tothe waiting telephone. At the other end the current is transformed back tospeech.THE RECEIVER The receiver turns an ever varying current back to speech. A permanentlymagnetized soft iron core is covered in many turns of very comely wire. Throughthe wire, the electrical c... ...ed back to the number.TELEPHONE CORDS Older telephone lines were made of fork shaped piece of metal attachedto wires with a instrumental role called the crimper. When installed, these wires werescrewed into the terminal box on the wall. This is really a pain in the rear endbecause if you are going to fix the phone, you have to unscrew the box, then allthe screws. This process could last for hours at a time. To make this job a lot easier, coiled cords and modular lines wereinvented. To take out the handset or telephone, all you have to do is to unplugthe modular connector from its match and th at is it. Modular cords can be boughtnearly in any electronics store. There are three kinds of cords. One is the full modular cord. There aresmall modular clips on both ends of the cord. The second is the one mentioned inthe first paragraph, this is called the spade -- lug cord. The third one iscalled the 1/4 modular, this cord has one modular connector on one side and theold fashioned spade -- lug end on the other. These 1/4 cords are not very common.BIBLIOGRAPHYBOOK THE TALKING TELEPHONE occasion STEVE SOKOLOWSKI PUBLISHER TAB BOOKS NOV.1991