Essay --

1.A stakeholder is a person or group of people that has an stake or concern in an memorial t adaptedt. There are a administrate of different things that can affect a stakeholder such as the organizations actions, policies, and even some whiles their objectives. An example of a negative impact on stakeholders would be when an organization has to cut their costs and therefore has to start laying off employees. The stakeholders in this model would be Merck as there decided to try to pour a lot of money into research to develop new medications. Stakeholders are really all- all-important(prenominal)(prenominal) because they are ultimately what decide if a company survives or not. A business or organization needs to put up stakeholders to be subject to buckle under payments to them monthly to help them succeed.2.There are a lot of emf costs and benefits of such an investment this is exhibited in this case. Profits that Merck made based on their selling of prescription drugs was no t the only thing that they cared close and wasnt in high priority to them. All that Merck tried to do was have the king to feel like and think that the medicine that they have is for the people and that the amplification comes second. Merck feels like if they remember this then they will have the ability to be able to make profits without even trying. All businesses need to be able to examine the positive and negative effects of all of their products or services. Most of the time business private instructors are only interested in seeing the idler line, but in this case they care a lot more roughly their customers and what they have to offer them.3.There are many different kinds of corporate social responsibility that all can help a company be successful if they are used correctly. My assessment of the company is that I ... ...potential and instinctive to give their all to your organization.7.If I was running an organization or company, being the manager there would be cert ain ways that I would go about communication the corporate social responsibility to all of my employees. Being able to conk this effectively with all of your employees allows you to establish a strong corporate subtlety and also strengthen a lot of the relationships that exist within your organization. The most important goal that all organizations want to be able to achieve is to have the ability to communicate the CSR effectively to help their employees be able to be diligent fully in the company. Some of the ways that I would use to be able to communicate the CSR to my employees and workforce effectively would be as followsSocial networking sitesVideosForumsWebsitesBlogsMeetings Newsletters Essay -- 1.A stakeholder is a person or group of people that has an interest or concern in an organization. There are a lot of different things that can affect a stakeholder such as the organizations actions, policies, and even sometimes their objectives. An example of a nega tive impact on stakeholders would be when an organization has to cut their costs and therefore has to start laying off employees. The stakeholders in this case would be Merck as there decided to try to pour a lot of money into research to develop new medications. Stakeholders are really important because they are ultimately what decide if a company survives or not. A business or organization needs to have stakeholders to be able to submit payments to them monthly to help them succeed.2.There are a lot of potential costs and benefits of such an investment this is exhibited in this case. Profits that Merck made based on their selling of prescription drugs was not the only thing that they cared about and wasnt in high priority to them. All that Merck tried to do was have the ability to feel like and think that the medicine that they have is for the people and that the profit comes second. Merck feels like if they remember this then they will have the ability to be able to make profits without even trying. All businesses need to be able to examine the positive and negative effects of all of their products or services. Most of the time business managers are only interested in seeing the bottom line, but in this case they care a lot more about their customers and what they have to offer them.3.There are many different kinds of corporate social responsibility that all can help a company be successful if they are used correctly. My assessment of the company is that I ... ...potential and willing to give their all to your organization.7.If I was running an organization or company, being the manager there would be certain ways that I would go about communication the corporate social responsibility to all of my employees. Being able to communicate this effectively with all of your employees allows you to establish a strong corporate culture and also strengthen a lot of the relationships that exist within your organization. The most important goal that all organizations want to be able to achieve is to have the ability to communicate the CSR effectively to help their employees be able to be engaged fully in the company. Some of the ways that I would use to be able to communicate the CSR to my employees and workforce effectively would be as followsSocial networking sitesVideosForumsWebsitesBlogsMeetings Newsletters

Feminism Essay -- Rights Equality Gender Essays

FeminismWorks Cited MissingFeminism is the speculation that work force and women should be equal, politically, economically, and socially. There ar many different types of feminism and each have a profound impact on someones view of society. The first is cultural feminism, which is the theory that there are fundamental personality differences between men and women, and that womens differences are special. This theory supports the idea that there are biological differences between men and women and sexism can be overcome by embracing the womens way. The second type is individualist or libertarian feminist. This feminism is based upon libertarian philosophies, with the focus on autonomy, rights, liberty, independence, and diversity. Next, there is the radical feminism this theory began approximately during the 1967 1975. This ideology focuses on social change, and attempts to draw lines between biologically determined behavior and culturally- determined behavior in order to free both men and women as much as possible from their previous narrow gender roles. Finally, there is the Liberal Feminism, this theory focuses on the idea that all people are created equal and that education is the primary means to change discrimination. Groups in favor of this theory are the N.A.C. the National performance Committee on the Status of Woman, an organization representing 500 feminist oriented womens groups, and the N.O.W. the National Organization of Women. Both of these organizations and Feminism as a unit are and have been influential on the national government.Many political groups or ideologies attack feminist ideas. Zillah R. Einsteins book, Feminism and Sexual par focuses on the importance of feminist theories and its attackers. The primary two political groups that have taken a stand against Feminism are The immature Right and Neoconservatives. The new Right feels that the welfare state is undermining the traditional patriarchal family. The state has taken o ver certain family functions such as the health, welfare and education of its citizens. Jerry Falwell, supporter of the New Right and head of the Moral Majority, argues that in order to revitalize the capitalist economy, and create a moral order, and strengthen America at home and abroad, insurance makers must aim to reestablish the dominance of the traditional white patriarchal family... ...en. The womens movement has been an important means to of empowerment to women. It is through organizing and joining womens groups that many women have become aware of their oppression and have sought ways to gain control of their lives. Not only are women shunned from the workplace, but in any case many believe that they have no business in politics either.In the book, The Womens Movement, issues like womens political participation and their membership to the workforce are discussed. Women have made critical improvements to their circumstances in life, be it there anxietyers, political posit ion, or even military involvement. Men primarily stay the government that has authority over both males and females. Therefore it is necessary for the election of women into single-valued function to be the means of achiving the public policies that are consistent with the preferences of women (Gimlin, 1981). It is assumed that women office holders are better at representing womens interests on a variety of issues, especially ones that directly affect women. Women are concerned with issues such as childcare, welfare, healthcare, and the care for the elderly. This is largely because women bear more of the

Three Characters with Good Intentions in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Based on the impulsive, irrational Veronese society, many of the characters in Romeo and Juliet believe that they are doing everything both for the best. Three characters which exemplify this fully are maestro Capulet, Tybalt and Friar Lawrence.All the characters are products of their own society, Veronese society. Status is everything, money buys anything. Woman must marry well and produce many offspring. Men believe strongly in defending their honor by any means available especially violence. When there is a fight in the market place, Capulet rushes to fight for his honor, my stain I say, old Montague is come... Capulet denies Paris request to marry Juliet and too soon marred are those so early made, acting for his own good because he wants Juliet to produce many offspring to carry on the Capulets bloodline, since she is his only surviving child. When at the ball Capulet demands Tybalt to let Romeo be, content thee, gentle coz, let him alone, but this and fuels Tybalts anger towards Romeo, which eventually ends up in Tybalt causing his own death. Capulet believes he is giving his child the best when he announces her engagement to Paris she shall be married to this noble earl, and believes Paris give make a good husband for Juliet. When Juliet refuses Capulet thinks it best to threaten her, I will drag thee, but this just makes Juliet change form to more drastic measures. When asked by Benvolio to make peace in the streets, Tybalt bluntly responds, talk of peace, I hate the word. As I hate hell all Montagues. This is the attitude of Tybalt throughout the play. He believes he is doing all for the best and uses violence as his tool. He gets angry at the ball with Romeo being there, villain as a guest, and believes it best to defend his familys honor by later taking revenge. When Tybalt finds Romeo, he thinks it best to fight him and when he ends up killing Mercutio he believes he has done his duty by causing Romeo the same hurt he has brought Tybalt, the injuries that thou hast done me. Friar Lawrence is by the far the character that displays work for the best, the most. The three main events are the marriage, the plan and the death, all three of which the friar is very involved. The friar originally marries Romeo and Juliet in hopes that the feud between the two families will end, to turn your households rancor to pure love.

The Road To Salvation Essay -- essays research papers

Dhanpat Rai Shrivastava was born on July 31, 1880 in the small vill eld of Lamahi, located near the city of Banaras in India. Although born into the Hindu Kaystha caste, do up of professionals including writers, doctors and lawyers, his family was poor. His father was a low paid postal employee. His mother died when he was only eight years old. His father remarried, but Dhanpat Rai did not same his stepmother. He studied Urdu and Persian, langu ripens used in literature and administration in 19th century North India at a nearby school. He recalles his puerility fondly in one of his stories, so it is fairly safe to assume that he was a happy and well cared for child. Dhanpat Rai was married at the early age of fifteen. This unification did not last long, possibly because he was rushed into the marriage by his father. He later remarried a balavidhava, or childhood widow named Shivrani Devi. This marriage was a happy one, and they had several children together. She was said to be ve ry supportive of him throughout their lives together. Dhanpat Rai graduated from school at the age of eighteen and began to teach just about the countryside. He taught for a few years in various North Indian towns while earning a college degree.Dhanpat Rai began to write when he began teaching school. He took up the pen name Premchand when he began writing. His writing was more than just a past time for him it was an attempt to change the social structure of India. Premchand died at the age of 56 on Oc...

Hip hop Essay -- Music, Rap, Hip Hop

Music has been around since the beginning of civilization. Music was used to tell myths, religious stories, and warrior tales. Since the beginning of civilization music has greatly progressed. Music still tells a story, we know just train many genres to satisfy the cultural and social tastes of our modern society. informed Hop is a genre of music that has signifi assholetly grown the last couple of decades. Its increased popularity has brought it to the forefront of globalization. Technological advances has made it easy for Hip Hop to spread knocked out(p) glob every last(predicate)y. This occurrence of globalization is a key example that as our cultural borders are broken down by technology, our own cultural and social practices bewilder fluid. Although there are many positive and negative comments about the globalization of Hip Hop, it is a reflection of the growing phenomenon occurring all over the world.Hip hop-skip originated in the South Bronx of New York City in t he 1970s. The term rap is often used synonymously with hip hop, but hip hop can also be described as an entire subculture (Hip Hop, 2004). The term Hip Hop is said to have come from a deception between Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, and their friends (Hip Hop, 2004). Although Hip Hop was created on American soil, its influences are global. It can be said that Hip Hop might be a result of ethnic globalization. Hip Hop has roots in African, Caribbean, and Latino culture (Hip Hop globalization and Youth Culture, 2005). Spoken word, which is still popular today is also an influence in Hip Hop music and culture. Spoken word is a style of poetry spoken in a rhythmic fashion. Hip Hop ranges from rap music, to B-boy dance. It was a platform to empower ethnic you... ...r societies. These artist have more heart felt words to speak and genuine creativity because when you are brought up in such poor societal conditions that is sometimes all you have to hold on to.Hip Hop proves to be the voice of the people that may not be able to speak for themselves in courtly ways. Globalization has allowed many people who would not have the means to speak up, to be able to take center stage. Many believe that globalization result be the end of individuality and creativity. This has been a theory that seems to fail when put up against Hip Hop globalization. Hip Hop Globalization has proven to baffle communities and music,that in the end forms something that has never been seen before. Globalization may prove that instead of making the world flat, it will create new mountains and craters of creativity that were never imagined.

Sphere :: essays research papers

SphereSphere, by Michael Crichton (Ballantine Books, New York, 1987) is an exciting and unpredictable novel. The transformations between the introduction, rising action, climax and ending are almost perfect.As the equip snagged something, the crew laying the wire on the bottom of the Pacific realized there was a problem there were no shipwrecks on the chart. The military got a hold of this information and were sent to investigate. They put together a group of people ranging from a mathematician to a psychologist. They called in Norman Johnson to lead the team he was a psychologist who had dealt with many disasters in his years. He comes in to comfort eyewitnesses who cant deal with the sight and helps victims and family members deal with the loss of friends and family.Norman was called one sidereal day and told there was an emergency and that they wanted him to come in and work. He suspected that it was another plane crash he knew he was wrong when he was derisory onto a military helicopter. He flew over the Pacific Ocean for what seemed like days. Hours and hours of blue water was ended with a speck of a ship that saturnine into a whole fleet of military vessels. He knew that this was no ordinary plane crash.The introduction of the book is very grabbing, it makes you want to keep reading on until you finish. As the rising action starts to take off you incur as if you were in the same world as Norman, Beth, and Harry, the three main characters. You start to feel claustrophobic as you read about how confining the underwater habitat is. They battle with giant squid, thousands of jellyfish and squid eggs, and so on. The eeriest part is when they go to instrument panel the giant spacecraft. They arrived at what they thought was an entrance point and located some type of control panel.By now they had determined by the size, shape, hull strength, and how ring the coral was covering I, that it was that we didnt have the technology at this time to build a vesse l like this, and that it has been there for a very languish time. Therefore they determined that it was some sort of alien spacecraft. They open what they thought was the control panel and it was all in English Barnes, the captain, pushed the Open button and a door opened, they walked in and the door closed.

Sphere :: essays research papers

SphereSphere, by Michael Crichton (Ballantine Books, New York, 1987) is an exciting and unpredictable novel. The transformations between the introduction, rising action, climax and ending are almost perfect.As the cable snagged something, the crew laying the wire on the bottom of the Pacific realized there was a problem there were no shipwrecks on the chart. The military got a hold of this information and were sent to investigate. They put together a group of people ranging from a mathematician to a psychologist. They called in Norman Johnson to lead the team he was a psychologist who had dealt with many disasters in his years. He comes in to comfort eyewitnesses who cant deal with the sight and helps victims and family members deal with the loss of friends and family.Norman was called one sidereal day and told there was an emergency and that they wanted him to come in and work. He suspected that it was another plane crash he knew he was wrong when he was flush onto a military he licopter. He flew over the Pacific Ocean for what seemed like days. Hours and hours of blue water was ended with a speck of a ship that false into a whole fleet of military vessels. He knew that this was no ordinary plane crash.The introduction of the book is very grabbing, it makes you want to keep reading on until you finish. As the rising action starts to take off you intuitive feeling as if you were in the same world as Norman, Beth, and Harry, the three main characters. You start to feel claustrophobic as you read about how confining the underwater habitat is. They battle with giant squid, thousands of jellyfish and squid eggs, and so on. The eeriest part is when they go to board the giant spacecraft. They arrived at what they thought was an entrance point and located some type of control panel.By now they had determined by the size, shape, hull strength, and how entail the coral was covering I, that it was that we didnt have the technology at this time to build a vessel li ke this, and that it has been there for a very ample time. Therefore they determined that it was some sort of alien spacecraft. They open what they thought was the control panel and it was all in English Barnes, the captain, pushed the Open button and a door opened, they walked in and the door closed.

Case Study: Boeing

Ana Lopez MGT 420 Professor Cathy Ko Assignment 2 Case Study Boeing 1-Select iodine or more diagnostic models that you believe provide a framework that succinctly identifies the key factors at the center of the Boeing situations. Explain your choice of model. Boeing has had an array of problems since the 1900s from the scandal with the Pentagon in 2003, to the manufacturing crisis when Boeing was required to halt productionion of the 747 aircraft for 20 days. Lets not forget the financial dilemma the composition had when investors accused of them of skullduggery in regard to a merger with McDonnell Douglas and a payout of $92. million was made to shareholders. Technology seemed to be a big issue when in 2001 they decided to work through an automated system of assembly lines. They also hoped to coordinate and facilitate easier channels of communication between Boeing faculty and suppliers. The problem arose when information technology within the organization was decentralized an d over 400 systems were being used to meet the needs of various departments. Because of lack of collaboration in regard to product procurement meant that the uniform product could be manufactured by Boeing for one aircraft but subcontracted for another.Integration issues came upon because of the mevery acquisitions which were made so they decided on diversifying from the traditional commercial airline industry. The close here was to add more stability to the business by diversifying into information services and the space industry. As time passed it was said by Noel Forgeard, CEO of Airbus, that the surgery of diversification was extremely demoralizing for Boeing employees, but it was argued by Boeings VP of marketing that the cause of their morality was that the company was in a down cycle,.Boeings main outline was to update their technology systems, downsize their operations, and reestablished relationships with their suppliers. Because of these specific issues I decided to g o with the Star Model which was designed by Jay Galbraith who argues that an organization is at its most utile when what he labels the five major components of organization design are in alignment. These components are as follow 1.Strategy the cornerstone, if the strategy is not clear on that point are no criteria on which to base other design decisions. 2. Structure the formal authority relationships and grouping of activities as represented on an organization chart. 3. Processes and askant capability refer to the process, either formal or informal, that coordinate activities throughout the organization. 4. Reward Systems seek to align individual actions to organizational objectives. 5. People practices are the combine human resources practices of the organization. -Explain the Boeing situation in terms of your selected model. The Star Model has all the components that Boeing would need to inherit in order to get out of their predicament and a stable organization. Starting with strategy since most of their strategies were not successful. Because of the manufacturing crisis that halted production for 20 days Boeing was criticized and it was said that the company had stubbed its toe. They had a win at any costs approach that failed miserably.They attempted to revitalize Boeings operations by streamlining aircraft assembly and increasing the efficiency of the company. It is apparent that this organization is unstable when it comes constructing a strategy since it is being always changed. When it came to Boeings structure the company had many frictions because of their inability to mobilize resources and their loss of competitive advantage. Boeing wanted to go beyond the World fight II era and failed at that as well.They wanted to implement an automated system of assembly lines and coordinate and facilitate easier channels of communication between Boeing staff and suppliers. That became a battle for Boeing because the information technology within the company was decentralized and over 400 systems were being used to meet the needs of various departments. Their processes and lateral pass capability was at a jam with their lack of collaboration in regard to product procurement which meant that the same product could be manufactured by Boeing for one aircraft but subcontracted for another.So Boeing decided to device a technological platform to regulate product life cycle. They anticipated that this new system would improve collaboration, innovation, product quality, time-to-market and return-on-investment. The employees of Boeing were very unsatisfied with the way the organization was being run making them have less morality towards the company. Their reward system was not good at all if the company had to have subcontractor in order for them to make ends meet.This situation would also become a people practices since their efforts of overcoming tragedy to the company kept on over exceeding triumph. Boeing is still around making it a wonde rful company despite its trail and tribulations. Like any other organization what Boeing necessary was a change of heart and they accomplished it by changing their strategies, structures, processes and lateral capabilities, their rewards systems and people practices. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , Managing for Change. United States. 2011. 126, 155-156 Print.

Nike and Vietnam Essay

Globalization is a phenomenon that has become a fact in todays business world. Companies, always looking to cut costs and rectify productivity, often look overseas to either expand current business operations or to outsource existing business operations. Companies often profit the purpose to go global with the hopes of taking advantage of more favorable business environments, better technologies, or relationships with suppliers and customers.While these facts ar a part of globalization, there are to a fault positive benefits, which range from lower prices to consumers, increased education for individuals within the countries where expansion occurs, and a higher standard of life for the individuals in these countries. While arguments rump be made that globalization is a positive or negative force on a country or on the world economy, the confer is not likely to end any sequence soon. This paper will take a look at the positive impacts of globalization by examining Nike in Vietn am. Nike has long been viewed as the poster child for problems associated with globalization.Many have accused Nike of employing workers in sweatshop like conditions in poorer countries like China, and more recently Vietnam. In plus to the sweatshop claims, pile often say that Nike employs child labor, often even claiming that the child labor is forced and takes place in sweatshops. Many of these same people also suggest that Nike has taken jobs from the United States to these countries where there are a few(prenominal)er laws regarding work conditions and wages so that they can pay their employees less in an effort to make a higher profit with no regard to the value of human life.These are just a few of the accusations that people often make against multinational corporations such as Nike, and this list is much longer. While it is true that there have been problems at certain factories that make Nike products, the company has taken aggressive stairs to ensure that all of its fa ctories now comply with basic human rights. It is hard to argue that the conditions experienced by workers at factories in Vietnam are not alleviate vastly different from what we experience in the West, but the culture is much different as well.Therefore, what we may view as harsh conditions may not, in fact, be so to the actual employees. What are often unnoticed, or at least is not mentioned, are the positive effects that Nike has brought to countries like Vietnam. As state previously, many of the benefits of globalization within a company like Nike must be looked at within the context of the culture being examined. A first-string example of this would be the pay.While some may argue that a monthly pay of $72 per month is essentially the same as employing striver labor, the employees at the Nike factory in Ho Chi Minh City might say otherwise. As Johan Norbert (2004) notes, the pay of $72 per month is nearly three clock the minimum wage for a state-owned enterprise, which typ ically involves endless days in intense heat or rain in rice fields skirt by water and bugs. In addition to being higher paying than previous jobs, working in a Nike factory also provides a lasting source of income.These higher wages have afforded the employees other benefits as well. When the first factories opening in Ho Chi Minh City, the workers had to walk to the factories, but, within a few years, they saw significant improvements to their transportation options. Norberg (2004) also writes, After three years, they could afford bi roulette wheels three years later, they could afford scooters and after eight years, the first workers could afford to deprave a car. This is a reality that few people in Ho Chi Minh City experience, with less than 5% of the population owning a car.But perhaps one of the greatest benefits that globalization has brought to Vietnam is the availability to afford higher education. In the past, many children would have been put to work on farms in or der for their families to survive, even In ten years, 2. 2 million children have gone from child labour to education (Norberg, 2004). Millions of children attending school as a result of globalization is a far cry from many of the child labor accusations previously mentioned. Globalization is, and probably will always be, a topic that has very lustful people on both sides of the debate.While arguments both for and against globalization have valid points to make, few people really have really taken the time to look at the direct impact of this ever growing trend. From strictly a consumer standpoint, Nikes decision to go global and create factories in a variety of countries has led to an increase from under 200 styles to almost 1200 different styles available for purchase (Locke & Siteman, 2007, p. 6). More importantly, though, are the points mentioned above, that employees in countries like Vietnam make almost 3x the wages made in their previous employment.Rarely will you hear that these employees are able to afford items such as cars while the majority of people even within their own city cannot. You will also almost never hear that, despite past abuses of child labor, millions of children have been able to hit an education. This is a reality that would not have been possible if their parents were still stuck working in rice fields. This education has the abolition to create a positive cycle of growth, wealth, and education for new generations that will continue for years.If you want to see the direct impact that globalization can have, the case of Nike in Vietnam provides a solid showtime point to see the positive effects that have come about as Nike has expanded to have workers in over 50 countries.

Enrollment forecasting methodology

Virtually, forecasting plays everywhere a study role in human life, especially in reservation approaching decisions such as weather forecasting, university enrolment, production, sales and finance, etc. Based on these forecasting results, we can prevent damages to occur or pick out benefits from the forecasting activities.Up to now, more qualitative and quantitative forecasting models were proposed. However, these models are unable to deal with problems in which diachronic data take form of lingual constructs kind of of numerical values. In recent years, many manners rescue been proposed to deal with forecasting problems using groggy judgment of conviction serial. In this paper, we present a new method acting to predict the calendar day for average Arabian Gulf Oil Company using groggy time series approach based on average lengths of intervals. A visual-based programming is apply in the implementation of the proposed model.Results obtained demonstrate that the propose d forecasting model can forecast the data effectively and efficiently Keywords blear time series, Forecasting, Fuzzy knacks, Average-based lengthl . Forecasting the size of any phenomenon in future is important and helpful for understanding behavior of phenomenon along time. It is impossible to make future plans to face the phenomenon without defining its future dimensions and identifying shape and modes of complicated process, especially when it is related to future forecasting. Making decisions depends completely on accuracy of forecasting.It is evident that forecasting plays major role in our daily life. The accurate and the most efficient forecasting may support making correct decisions to raise accuracy of our expectations up to degree Celsius%. This may be impossible, yet we try to reduce forecasting errors. In target to solve forecasting problems, many researchers proposed several methods and different models. One of these models is conventional time series analysis, uni -variant and multi-variant. However, conventional time series has wide applications, but it must satisfy proper conditions to be successful.For example, 50 up to 100 bservations at least are needed to achieve Autoregressive and Integrated Moving Average Models (ARIMA) and average zero is needed to achieve autoregressive. traditionalistic time series has been utilize in many fields such as pollution monitoring, blood pressure estimation, etc. This problem has been studied widely in statistics areas and neural networks. However, in practical life, there are regression models in which the uncertainty accompanied to the model is because of vagueness, not because of neither randomness nor both of them.In these models, probability theory cannot be pplied and blear sets theory is applied, where variables are foggy i. e. declarative variables are not fixed and scaling of these variables is not expressed by a point, but by an interval or linguistic variables 1, 3. 2. FUZZY LOGIC Fuzzy logical system 1 1, is a form of logic which has used in some expert systems and hokey intelligence applications. It was first proposed in 1965 by the Iranian scientist Lutfi Zadeh, at University of California, where he developed it as a better method of data processing.However, his theory didnt call back a wide interest until 1974, where fuzzy logic was used to control a steam engine. Since then, applications of fuzzy logic kept developing until the manu itemuring of fuzzy logic chip which have been used in many products such this science. There are many reasons for scientists to improve fuzzy logic. For example, development of computers and software founded the need to manufacture or program systems that are capable of dealing with ambiguous information to mimic human thinking.However, this created a problem since computers can only deal with submit and accurate data. This problem caused occurrence of expert systems and artificial intelligence. Fuzzy logic is a theory for buil ding such systems. Fuzzy set theory has many useful achievements in different fields and it aims at approximation of professional knowledge that contains vagueness in human thinking. Figure 1 illustrates the difference among traditional and fuzzy set theories. Fuzzy logic simply reflects how do people think and try to represent our feelings by words, decisions making and our common sense.So, fuzzy logic models are being increasingly used in time series analysis, where they are important for dealing with linguistic values and other models in order to yield better forecasting results. Time Series is defined as a sequence of events easured in successive times at definite intervals. It was widely used in economic systems such as stock index and interest. Also, it was used in metrology, especially in wind speed, temperature, pressure, Figure 1 Traditional and fuzzy sets 3.FUZZY TIME SERIES Fuzzy time series is another concept to solve forecasting problems in which the historic data are linguistic values. Fuzzy time series based on Zadehs works 1 1, Song and Chissom 7, first proposed a forecasting model called Fuzzy Time Series, which provided a metaphysical framework to model a special dynamic process hose observations are linguistic values. The main difference between the traditional time series and fuzzy time series is that the observed values of the former are real numbers while the observed values of the latter are fuzzy sets or linguistic values.In the future(a), some basic concepts of fuzzy time series are briefly reviewed explanation 1 Let U ,u2 un be a founding of give-and-take (universal set) a fuzzy set A of U is defined fA (u ) / u fA (u ) / un ,where fA is a social status function of a given set A , fA 0,1. Definition 2 If there exists a fuzzy consanguinity R(t 1, t), such that F(t) =F(t ), where is an arithmetic operator, then F(t) is said to be caused by F(t 1). The relationship between F(t) and 1) can be denoted by 1) Definition 3 Suppos e F(t) is calculated by F(t 1) only, and 1) R(t,t-l).For any t, if R(t 1, t) is independent of t, then F(t) is con posturered a timeinvariant fuzzy time series. Otherwise, F(t) is timevariant. Definition 4 Suppose 1) and F(t)= A, a fuzzy logical relationship can be defined as Ai AJ where Ai and AJ are called the left-hand side and the right-hand side of the fuzzy logical relationship, respectively. 4. REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS Many studies have interested in fuzzy time series and have been applied in various fields including university enrollment.Fuzzy time series had proved its efficiency in forecasting as a good new method for predicting linguistic values. Song and Chisson 9, 10 first introduced the method of fuzzy time series, humidity and rainfall. In addition, time series was used in geophysical records including indexed measurements, times of earthquake, radiological activities, industrial production, rates of idleness, etc. therefore, they are considered as founders of fuzz y time series science. Also, in 1994, they introduced a eries.Chen 1 presented a new method for forecasting university enrollment using fuzzy time series historical data enrollments of the university of Alabama from 1971 to 1992, the proposed method is more efficient than the proposed method by Song and Chissom, due to the fact that the proposed method uses simplified arithmetic operation rather than the complicated MaxMin composition operation. Hwang 8 proposed a new method on fuzzification to revise Song and Chissoms method. He used a different triangle fuzzification method to Fuzzify crisp values.His method involved determining an interval of xtension from both sides of crisp value in triangle membership function to get a variant degree of membership. The result got a better average forecasting error, in addition, the influences of factors and variables in a fuzzy time series model such as definition area, number and length of intervals and the interval of extension in triangle m embership function were discussed in detailsStep 2 Define the universe of discourse U. Find the maximum Dmax and the minimum Dmin among all Dh. For easy partitioning of U, choose two small numbers Dl and D2 as two proper positive numbers. The purpose of Dl and D2 is to make the lower and upper bounds of U become multiple of hundreds, thousands, etc. The universe of discourse U is then defined by U = Dt-ntn -Dl , Drnax+D2 Step 3 Determine the appropriate length of interval L. Here, the average-based length method (Huarng, 2001 b) can be applied to determine the appropriate L.The length of interval L is computed according to the Table 1 Base mapping table Range Base 0. 1-1. 0 0. 1 1. -10 11-100 10 101-1000 a) Calculate all the absolute differences between the values Dh-l and Dh as the first differences, and then compute the average of the first differences. b) Take half of the average as the length. c) Find the located regulate of the length and determine the base from Table 1 d) Ac cording to the assigned base, round the length as the appropriate L.Then the number of intervals m, is computed by D max+D2-D Then U can be partitioned into equal-length intervals Assume that the m intervals are Step4 Define fuzzy sets from the universe of discourse f(un)(3) Ai=A11+A22+.. +Ai l Then fuzzify the time series. First determine some linguistic values A1, A2, , An. Second, defined fuzzy sets on U. The fuzzy sets Ai are expressed as follows 10. 500 0. 510 . 50 00. 51 0. 5 Step 5 fuzzify the historical data. If the value of Dh is located in the range of ui, then it belongs to fuzzy sets A.All Dh must be classified into the corresponding fuzzy sets. However, fuzzify the historical data and give fuzzy set to each years historical data. If the historical data belongs to Ai at year t, the historical data of that year can be written by A. But usually one historical data to ifferent A1, the need to find out maximum degree of each years historical data belonging to each A1. Step 6 Establish fuzzy logical relationships (FLRs) for all fuzzified data, derive the fuzzy logical relationships based on Definition (3).The fuzzy logical relationship which have the same left-hand sides is wish well Ai Ak, which denotes that if the Dh-lvalue of time t-1 is AJ then that of time t is Ak Table 2 Fuzzy relationship Ak Ar A1 Am 0. 5 um -2 um -1 um Where ui n) is the element and the number to a lower place /is the membership of ui to Then follow the rules for determining the degree of the membership of the istorical data Yi belonging to interval u. The general triangular membership function is expressed as below Step 7 establish the fuzzy logic relationship groups (FLRG).The derived fuzzy logical relationships can be arranged into fuzzy logical relationship groups based on the same fuzzy numbers on the left-hand sides of the fuzzy logical relationships. The fuzzy logical relationship groups are like the following AJI Step 8 The forecasting of the historical data is based on heuristic rules proposed by chen (1996) and outlined as follows.

The Human Rights Act

Amy has dementia and lives in a residential home. In the mornings Amy has always been able to shit out of bed and scramble dressed with some minimal support and and then walk independently down to the dining area where she has chosen to select breakfast. Over the past utilisationweek Amy has been staying in bed longer and longer she is reluctant to witness up in the morning and does not do very much for herself when ticktackting dressed. Her mobility has lessen also and she has started to work over pressure sores. Amys appetite has also become very poor and she usually only eats a few spoonfuls of her food. When palmrs encourage her to eat more she refuses.The Human Rights actThe human undecomposeds act is there to protect people, young, old, rich and poor. They give people the right to freedom of speech, right of freedom, privacy and to be equally treated (not discriminated). This links to Amy because with Amy having dementia she may do certain things that are not appro priate. An example could be when she goes to the toilet she patch up not to close the door and leave it wide open for people see inside. As one of her compassionate workers it would be my duty to try my opera hat to close the door. As much as Amy may protest it is part of my job to protect Amys privacy and dignity.The Mental capableness actThe mental electrical condenser act has been put into place to make water it possible for adults who are unable to make decisions for them to be able to make certain decisions for themselves. Under the Mental Capacity Act a person is presumed to make their own decisions unless all practical steps to dish out them make a decision have been weighn without achiever. This would link into Amy when she decisions for example if she decides she wants to live on her own for the rest of her life. At some point in this decision there will be a problem financially and providing a one to one carer for the whole of the day and night.Putting people firs t FrameworkPutting people first was put in place to abbreviation responsibilities of care workers when working with dementia. Some of the responsibilities include making sure the patient has chargen any medication they need to take, ensuring they have had something to eat and drink passim the day. It is very easy for somebody with dementia to become anorexic or obese because their short term memory tin make them forget that they have had nothing to eat or in the oppo sit downe way that they have already had their something. This framework will second Amy because it would be their care workers responsibility to make sure they have had breakfast and write it down if she has or not for the conterminous care worker who may be a part of her team up because then they cannot dependable assume Amy has had something to eat or not.There are many different types of roles and responsibilities that come with being a care worker for somebody with dementia. The care worker has to promote d ignity for the service user. Respect them and give them independence, their rights and privacy.Again better-looking them privacy could simply be by closing their toilet door so nobody can see them when on the toilet. Foc utilize on strengths and the things they have the ability to do. For example when lied in bed if they cant sit up to jock themselves out of bed, rather than saying you know you cant do that on your own, you dont need any service of process ask them do you want some help? Ill help you up, you swing your legs out of bed then you can get up. By focusing on the things they can do youll be helping to promote their independence to do something else.Involving their friends and family is another responsibility to a care worker to help the individual interact with family member and friends. This could just be by taking the service user for a walk to the park on a small day with one of their friends. Giving them the chance to get some fresh air and interact with friends. Acting in the best interest of the individual.This could be just by when you do take them for a walk by making sure you use a pedestrian crossway rather than just crossing the road because there are no cars coming down the road. This links into the case study with Amy for because in the case study it says she is reluctant to get to get up in the morning and does not do very much for herself when getting dressed. As well as promoting her independence, when giving her the opportunity to interact with friends and family your giving her a reason to want to get up in the morning.The job role of a care worker is mainly working within a team and not as an individual. For example if a service user has 3 or 4 different care workers throughout the day, the care workers would pass away in a diary by saying when the service user has had their breakfast and what time they took their medication. They may also promote their independence by using a tablet box. This would work because in the diar y the first care worker could say Ann took her first tablet at 9 oclock, she is next due to take her tablet 4 hours later which will be 1 oclock, give her the tablet box and tell her she needs to take tablet 2.By doing this youre giving Amy as the service user independence to take the tablet herself your just supporting her by telling her when to take it. This would help to improve the service users health because it means all their tablets will be taken at the right time. Also having the professionals work as a team writing different things into the diary such as what time they had their breakfast and what they had will help to minimise chances for obesity. This will help Amy by trying to keep her health and fitness levels balanced.This will also help because each different professional will also know what they had and if they had something cankerous such as fried bacon and egg on toast, the next professional may say right ok you had fried foods for breakfast lets have something hale for dinner such as a tuna pasta salad or a chicken and salad pita bread with a Muller light yoghurt. By doing this they are getting more of a balanced diet. They could also write in the amount of exercise the service user has had from going for a 20 minute walk with the dog, a half an hour game on the Nintendo Wii.There are many different approaches to dementia care and all the different approaches can have their own effect to Amy as the service user. For example in the case study it says Amy has always been able to get out of bed and get dressed with minimal support then it says over the past week Amy has been staying in bed longer and longer she is reluctant to get up in the morning and does not do very much for herself when getting dressed. There are different approaches to how the care worker could work with this problem.If the care worker decides to help them get up by physicallyhelping them, lifting them up and swinging their legs around to get them up and then get them d ressed there could be quite a few possible outcomes with strengths and weaknesses of their own. One strength of this approach could be how Amy will then be up and ready for the day ahead. so far a weakness to this approach could be how Amy has not done anything within the process. Another weakness to this approach could be how Amy may now expect to get this help every morning, because she has had full help and not had to do anything independently. A different approach to how the care worker could work with this problem could be by helping her with minimal help like usual.Saying to Amy come on Amy, Ill help you sit up, you swing your legs around if you can. Once Amy is up by then helping her get ready rather than just getting her ready. A strength to this approach could be how Amy will of managed to get herself with minimal support just like n a regular day. A weakness to this approach could be pain Amy may feel when swinging her legs out of bed to get up. However another strength t o this approach is how Amy has still had her independence promoted because she has still been able to do things for herself when getting ready. Therefore no matter what approach the care worker uses to encourage Amy to get up and get ready there will be strengths and weaknesses and effects to her. Whether or not they be good or bad effects.

Modernist Poetry: Effectiveness

Modernist Poetry Effectiveness When it comes to opinions everyone has one. Saying that Modernist poetry has no specific structure or form and therefore means it is not as effective, is like myself saying curry is spicy, sweet and doesnt fit in with my taste buds and therefore curry is the worst seasoning. Poetry is far too obscure to reduce to a simple effective or not effective dichotomy. To object to an opinion maybe you need to understand where they are coming from.Taking a look at traditional poetry you see rhyme schemes and specific meter and other rigid aspects of form. Modernist experimented vigorously with the poetic forms, language and versification, often doing away with rhythmical sweetness and the regularity of the traditional forms. Like a teenager that never finishes high school. She is considered by society to be a failure because she never met their ideals. However, she then goes out, gets signed and now almost everyone knows her name, Christina Aguilera.Also read Platos Attack on PoetryWhatever be the structure of a modern poem, there is a secluded meaning and rhythm of course. Even, that particular structure bears significance. That beauty and meaning cannot be interpreted by traditional readers. Others, of course, prefer traditional poetry, but I do not think either is more effective than the other they just cater to different tastes. Just like when it comes to tastes in music, some people like country others prefer rap. Just because one become before the other doesnt make it the right one and the other wrong, it makes them different.

Benefits of playing chess Essay

The swindle theory is complicated and many players memorize different opening variations. You will also goldbrick to recognize various patterns and remember lengthy variations. trickster improves concentration. During the game you are focused on only one main goal-to checkmate and become the victor. chess game develops logical thinking. deceiver requires some understanding of logical strategy. For example, you will fare that it is important to bring your pieces out into the game at the beginning, to keep your king full at all times, not to make big weaknesses in your position and not to blunder your pieces away for free. (Although you will find yourself doing that occasionally through your chess career. Mistakes are inevitable and chess, like life, is a never-ending learning process.) Chess promotes imagination and creativity. It encourages you to be inventive. There are an indefinite amount of beautiful combinations in time to be constructed. Chess t distributivelyes indepen dence. You are forced to make important decisions influenced only by your own judgment. Chess develops the cap competency to predict and foresee consequences of actions. It teaches you to look two ways before crossing the street. Chess inspires self-motivation. It encourages the search of the best move, the best plan, and the most beautiful continuation out of the endless possibilities. It encourages the everlasting aim towards progress, perpetually steering to ignite the flame of victory. Chess shows that success rewards hard work. The more you get along, the better youll become. You should be ready to lose and learn from your mistakes. One of the greatest players ever, Capablanca said, You may learn much more from a game you lose than from a game you win. You will have to lose hundreds of games before becoming a solid player. Chess and Science. Chess develops the scientific way of thinking. Whileplaying, you generate numerous variations in your mind. You explore new ideas, tr y to predict their outcomes and interpret surprising revelations. You specify on a hypothesis, and then you make your move and test it. Chess and Technology. What do chess players do during the game? Just like electronic computers they engage in a search for the better move in a limited amount of time. What are you doing right now? You are using a computer as a tool for learning. Chess and Mathematics. You dont have to be a genius to figure this one out. Chess involves an infinite scrap of calculations, anything from counting the number of attackers and defenders in the event of a simple exchange to calculating lengthy continuations. And you use your head to calculate, not some little machine. Chess and Research. There are millions of chess resources out there for every aspect of the game. You can even collect your own chess library. In life, is it important to know how to find, organize and use boundless amounts of information. Chess gives you a stainless example and opportunit y to do just that. Chess and Art. In the Great Soviet cyclopedia chess is defined as an art appearing in the form of a game. If you thought you could never be an artist, chess proves you wrong. Chess enables the artist cover within you to come out. Your imagination will run wild with endless possibilities on the 64 squares. You will paint pictures in your mind of ideal positions and perfect outposts for your soldiers. As a chess artist you will have an original style and personality. Chess and Psychology. Chess is a test of patience, nerves, will big businessman and concentration. It enhances your ability to interact with other people. It tests your sportsmanship in a competitive environment. Chess improves schoolwork and grades. Numerous studies have proven that kids obtain a higher reading level, mathematics level and a greater learningability overall as a result of playing chess. For all those reasons mentioned above and more, chess playing kids do better at school and therefor e have a better chance to succeed in life. Chess opens up the world for you. You dont need to be a high ranked player to enter big important competitions. Even tournaments such as the US Open and the military personnel Open welcome players of all strengths. Chess provides you with plenty of opportunities to travel not only all around the country but also around the world. Chess is a universal language and you can communicate with anyone over the checkered plain. Chess enables you to outfit many interesting people. You will make life-long friendships with people you meet through chess. Chess is cheap. You dont need big fancy equipment to play chess. In fact, all you may need is your computer (And we really go for you have one of those, or else something fishy is going on here.) It is also good to have a chess set at home to practice with family members, to take to a friends house or even to your local neighborhood park to get everyone interested in the game. CHESS IS childs play Dude, this isnt just another one of those board games. No chess game ever repeats itself, which means you create more and more new ideas each game. It never gets boring. You always have so much to look forward to. Every game you are the general of an army and you alone decide the muckle of your soldiers. You can sacrifice them, trade them, pin them, fork them, lose them, defend them, or order them to break through any barriers and surround the enemy king. Youve got the power To summarize everything in three little words-Chess is Everything

Plagarism in schools Essay

The term plagiarization comes from the Latin word meaning banternapping. It is form of academic dish unitysty in which one psyche passes on another persons work, linguistic process and ideas as own. Several universities and schools do not allow plagiarization of whatsoever sort. Some of the educational institutions often term plagiarism as the worst form of academic dishonesty. They pick their students to research and use resources in an appropriate manner and also express their own ideas and views. Children often follow it difficult to understand what plagiarism is. A student may often use plagiarism in order to compete with others in the same grade. Plagiarism also puts on extra pressure on the teachers, professors and the lecturers in detecting this serious form of dishonesty and taking action against such students (Nagy, 2004, & Dowshen, 2005).In a study conducted by Duke University in several parts of the US, it was found that about 75 % of the students indulged in few fo rm of plagiarism. About 33 % of the students admitted that they plagiarized to a severe extent. In another survey, about 72 % of the students admitted that they plagiarized to serious extents when given home assignments. In another study conducted in High discipline American students in 1998, 80 % admitted that they plagiarized in some form of the other, and only on 5 % of the occasions were they caught for it (Nagy, 2004).The teachers also do go out that the students frequently indulge in plagiarism. Teachers consider the advent of the cyberspace as a major factor for helping to plagiarize their homework. About 58 % of the teachers consider plagiarism to be an academic issue and about 28 % of them consider that more than 50 % of the students plagiarize their homework. Teachers consider plagiarism to be particular difficult to detect in certain cases and also to be long (ATL, 2008).In certain occasions plagiarism can be unintentional. It is important for the student to quote the references in all cases and to express the ideas and argument in the own words. The students should also express their ideas in the specific area. Paraphrasing is one way of avoiding plagiarism, but use of individual ideas needs to be incorporated. Other peoples words and sentences needs to be clearly quoted. The individuals own ideas can be supported by another persons views mentioned in the texts. Information taken from several sources and framed using science and creativity to compile a datasheet cannot be considered as plagiarism (University of Queensland, 2007 & BBC, 2008).ReferencesAssociation of Teachers & Lecturers (2008). School work plagued by plagiarism ATL survey. Retrieved on 2008, process 13, from ATL Web target http//www.atl.org.uk/atl_en/news/Media_office/releases/plagiarism.aspBBC (2007). Exploring and Deterring Plagiarism in Schools. Retrieved on 2008, March 13, from BBC Web site http//www.bbc.co.uk/dna/actionnetwork/F1635812?thread=3606871Dowshen, S. (1995). W hat is Plagiarism? Retrieved on 2008, March 13, from Kidshealth Web site http//www.kidshealth.org/kid/feeling/school/plagiarism.htmlNagy, C. (2004). Dealing with High School Plagiarism. Retrieved on 2008, March 13, from New Foundations Web site http//www.newfoundations.com/ETHICPROP/Nagy718F04.htmlThe University of Queensland, Australia (2007). What is Plagiarism? Retrieved on 2008, March 13, from University of Queensland Web site http//www.library.uq.edu.au/training/plagiarism.html

Favorite Sport Football

CONSUMER choice AND SATISFACTION TOWARDS VARIOUS CELLPHONE SERVICE PROVIDES CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION CONSUMER A consumer is an man-to-man who purchase or has the power to purchase neats and table function offered for sale by foodstuffing institutions in gild to returnpersonal or household needs,wants or desires. According to a statement make by Mahatma Gandhi, consumer refers to the following, A consumer isthe most of the essence(predicate) visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us. We ar dependent on him. He is not an knocked out(p)sider to our product line.He is part of it. We are not doing him a favour by serving him. He is doing us a favour by giving us an opportunity to do so. Soconsumerislikethebloodofourbusinessand withala satisfed guest is a word of mouth advertisement of a product / serve. The consumer is the one who nets to consume the goods and go pissd. As much(prenominal), consumers play a vital role in the economic schema of a nation. In the ab sence of effective consumer postulate, producers would lack one of the key motivations to produce to sell to consumers.Typic all in ally, whenbusinesspeople and economists talk ofconsumers, they are talking aboutthe person as consumer, an aggregativecommodity item with little exclusiveity early(a) than that expressed in the decision to acquire or not to buy. However, there is a trend inmarketingto individualize the concept. Instead of gene place broaddemographic profilesandpsycho-graphic profilesofmarket segments, marketers excite started to engage in personalized marketing,permission marketing, andmass customization.There is increasing backlash from the semipublic over use of the label consumer rather than guest, with m all finding it offensive and derogatory. Consumer choiceis a theory ofmicroeconomicsthat relates discernmentsfor consumption goodsand advantages to consumption expenditures and lastly to consumer remove curves. The association between personal preferences , consumption, and the demand curveis one of the most closely studied dealings in economics. Consumer choice theory is a way of analyzing how consumers may achieveequilibrium between preferences and expenditures by maximizingutilityas value to consumer budget constraints.Preferences are the desires by each individual for the consumption of goods and function that translate into choices based on income or wealthfor purchases of goods and serve to be combined with the consumers time to define consumption activities. Consumption is quarantined from production, logically, because dickens polar consumers are involved. In the first case consumption is by the primary individual in the second case, a producer index make something that he would not consume himself. Therefore, divergent motivations and abilities are involved.Themodels that make up consumer theory are used torepresentprospectively observable demand patterns for an individual buyer on thehypothesisof constrained optim ization. Prominent variables used to explain the rate at which the good is purchased (demanded) are the price per unit of that good, prices of related goods, and wealth of the consumer. The fundamental theorem of demand states that the rate of consumption falls as the price of the good rises. This is called thesubstitution effect.Clearly if one does not have enough money to pay the price then they cannot buy any of that item. As prices rise, consumers leave behind substitute away from higher priced goods and assistants, choosing slight costly alternatives. Subsequently, as the wealth of the individual rises, demand increases, shifting the demand curve higher at all rates of consumption. This is called theincome effect. As wealth rises, consumers will substitute away from less costly low-level goods and services, choosing higher priced alternatives. CONSUMER SATISFACTIONEvery human being is a consumer of different produces. If there is no consumer,thereisnobusiness. Therefore,c onsumer joyis very important to every business person. According to Philip Kotler consumer cheer is defined on, personal feeling of pleasance resulting from comparing a products pursued performance in relation to his /her expectations. Consumer attitude measurements are taken on either potential buries orexisting clients buries in orderto identify their characteristics. Why should the competent market engineer conduct consumer research?Consumers surveryscan win the researcher with a wealth of information, valuable of the marketing funchion. Detailed information regarding the customer in a market will provide thebasic platform for all marketing decisions. Marketing decision churchman needs descriptive information about the tally potential unit and dollar sales in each segment. Perhaps the most important one is that a seller need to be aware(predicate) of the relevant objective and needof consumer andhow their objectivesmight best reserved by the products. node satisfaction, a te rm oft used inmarketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a attach to meet or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is defined as the number of customers, or percentage of total customers, whose reported ingest with a theatre, its products, or its services (ratings) exceeds specified satisfaction refinements. In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing bangrs, 71 percent responded that they found a customer satisfaction metric function very useful in managing and monitoring their businesses.It is seen as a key performance index finger within business and is often part of a balanced scorecard. In a competitive grocery where businesses compete for customers, customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has call on a key element of business schema. Within organizations, customer satisfaction ratings can have powerful effects. They rivet employees on the impressiveness of fulfilling customers expectations. Furthert o a greater extent, when these ratings dip, they warn of problems that can affect sales and profitability. . . These metrics quantify an important dynamic. When a brand has loyal customers, it gains positive word-of-mouth marketing, which is both free and highly effective. Therefore, it is essential for businesses to effectively manage customer satisfaction. To be able do this, firms need reliable and representative measures of satisfaction. In re meddling satisfaction, firms generally supplicate customers whether their product or service has met or exceeded expectations. Thus, expectations are a key factor behind satisfaction.When customers have high expectations and the reality falls short, they will be disappointed and will likely rate their experience as less than satisfying. For this reason, a luxury resort, for example, might receive a lower satisfaction rating than a budget motel even though its facilities and service would be deemed superior in absolute terms. The importa nce of customer satisfaction diminishes when a firm has increasedbargaining power. For example, carrel phoneplan providers, such as ATTandVerizon, participate in an intentness that is anoligopoly , where simply a few suppliers of a certain(p) product or service exist.As such, many cell phone plan contracts have a mete out offine print with provisions that they would never get away if there were, say, a hundred cell phone plan providers, because customer satisfaction would be way too low, and customers would easily have the picking of leaving for a better contract offer. There is a substantial body of empirical literary works that establishes the benefits of customer satisfaction for firms. PURPOSE Customer satisfaction provides a leading power of consumer purchase intentions and loyalty. Customer satisfaction data are among the most frequently collected indicators of market perceptions. Their principal use is two fold. 1. Within organizations, the collection, analysis and dis semination of these data send a message about the importance of attention to customers and ensuring that they have a positive experience with the follows goods and services. 2. Although sales or market portion out can indicate how well a firm is performing currently, satisfaction is perhaps the best indicator of how likely it is that the firms customers will make further purchases in the future.Much research has focused on the relationship between customer satisfaction and retention. Studies indicate that the ramifications of satisfaction are most strongly realised at the extremes. On a five-point scale, individuals who rate their satisfaction level as 5 are likely to become return customers and might even evangelize for the firm. (A second important metric related to satisfaction is willingness to recommend. This metric is defined as The percentage of surveyed customers who indicate that they would recommend a brand to friends. When a customer is meet with a product, he or s he might recommend it to friends, relatives and colleagues. This can be a powerful marketing advantage. ) Individuals who rate their satisfaction level as 1, by contrast, are unlikely to return. Further, they can hurt the firm by fashioning negative comments about it to prospective customers. Willingness to recommend is a key metric relating to customer satisfaction. MARKET The term market is derived from Latin Word Mercatus, which room totrade that is purchasing and selling of goods.It also means merchandise truthic place of business. According to Pyle, Market includes both place and region in whichbuyers and sellers or in free ambition with one another. Amarketis one of many varieties ofsystems,institutions,procedures,social relationsandinfrastructures whereby parties engage in win over. While parties may exchange goods and services bybarter, most markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services (including labor) in exchange formoneyfrom buyers. It can be said that a market is the process by which the prices of goods and services are established.For a market to be competitive, there mustiness be more than a single buyer or seller. It has been suggested that two people may trade, simply if it takes at least three persons to have a market, so that there is disceptation on at least one of its two sides. However,competitivemarkets, as to a lower placestood in formal economic theory, rely on much larger numbers of both buyers and sellers. A market with single seller and multiple buyers is amonopoly. A market with a single buyer and multiple sellers is amonopsony. These are the extremes of imperfect competition.MARKETING Marketing includes all the impacts involved in the exchange process of transferringthepossessionandownershipofgoodsorservicesfrom theproducer to the crowning(prenominal) consumers. Marketingis the process ofcommunicatingthe value of a product or service tocustomers. Marketing might sometimes be interpreted as the art of selling products, but selling is only a small fraction of marketing. As the term Marketing may replace Advertising it is the overall strategy and function of promoting a product or service to the customer.The American Marketing joining defines marketing as the activity , square up of institutions,and processes for creating, communication, delivering,and exchanging offerings that have value for customers,clients,partners,and society at large. From a societal point of view, marketing is the link between a societys material requirements and its economicpatterns of response. Marketing satisfies these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. The process of communicating the value of a product or service through positioning to customers.Marketing can be looked at as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, delivering and communicating value to customers, and managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and i tsshareholders. Marketing is the science of choosing position marketsthrough market analysis andmarket segmentation, as well as understanding consumer buying demeanor and providing superior customer value. MARKETING FORMULA A)The foremost step is business aims at profit. B)For profit making he can sell the products. C)For selling the product he should create customers.D)Forcreating thecustomers,customers needsofpreferencestobeidentified and satisfied. E). To satisfy the customers tonic product to be produced. Marketing is trying to learn, * Who buy the products or services? * How do they buy? * When do they buy? * Where do they buy? * Why do they buy? * How often they buy? Itisotherwisecalledunderstandandpredicthumanactionsintheir buying role. A marketer is act as consumers while them purchasing any goods/services, and try to market that product to an ultimate consumer. So, marketingis starts with consumer and ends with consumer. So, todays market is called on consumer market.It can be defined on,All the individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption. SKILLS OF MARKETERS Marketers have 4 main skill sets that they bring to an enterprise 1)Opportunity Identification Marketing begins out front there is a product to sell. Many people think marketing is just selling whatever comes out of the manufacturingplant. Its the job of marketing to decide WHAT comes out of the manufacturingplant in the first place. Before a business can make money there must be opportunities for money to be made and its marketings job to define what those opportunities are.Marketers analyze markets, market gaps, trends, products,competition, and distribution channels to comeup with opportunities to make money. 2) hawkish strategy/positioning Markets consist of groups of competitorscompeting for a customers business. The job ofmarketing is to decide how to create a defensible sustainable competitive advantage against competitors. Marketers conceive strate gies, tactics, and business models to make it hard if not impossible for competition to take away customers from their business. 3)Demand generation/management Its the job of marketing to create and sustain demand for a companys products.Marketers manage demand for a companys products by influencing the probability and frequency of their customers purchase mien. 4)Sales The ultimate goal of marketing is to make money for a business. In most companys sales is a different discip argument and department from marketing. But in order forsales people to have any long term winner in a company they must be led by marketing. The better job a company does of identifying opportunities, creating a differential sustainable competitive advantage, and generating demand for their products the easier it will be for sales people to make sales.MARKET SHARE OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INDUSTRY The fixed line and roving segments serve the basic needs of local calls, long distance callsand the international calls, with the provision of wideband services in the fixed line segment and GPRS in the prompt arena. Traditional telephones have been replaced by the codeless and the wireless instruments. agile phone providers have also come up with GPRS-enabled multimedia messaging, Internet surfing, and mobile-commerce. The much-awaited 3G mobile technology is soon going to enter the Indian telecom market. TheGSM,CDMA,WLLserviceprovidersareallupgradingthemtoprovide3Gmobileservices.Alongwith improvement in telecom services, there is also an improvement in manufacturing. In thebeginning, there were only the Siemens handsets in India but now a whole series of tonichandsets, such as Nokias modish N-series, Sony Ericssons W-series, Motorolas PDA phones,etc. have come up. Touch screen and advanced technological handsets are gaining popularity. Radio services have also been incorporated in the mobile handsets, along with other applications like high storage memory, multimedia applications, multim edia games, MP3 Players, video generators,Cameras, etc.The value added services provided by the mobile service streetwalkers contribute more than 10% of the total revenue. THE GLOBAL CELLULAR MOBILE INDUSTRY Global telecom sector boodle visibility Earningsgrowthisbeingdrivenbyimprovingpricingconditions, stabilizing operational trends, aggressive cost cutting initiatives, a positive regulatory environment, strong wireless growth, andnew marketopportunities. This hastranslated intogreater visibilityofforward earnings as evidenced by recent increased analyst upgrades within the sector. Merger synergiesGiven the substantial amount of excess capital available in the sector and in private equity we expect to see surplus merger and acquisition activity, albeit at a gradual pace than recently witnessed. GlobaltelecomMA dealsoverthepasttwo old agehavereflectedmarket expansion but have also had a positive effect on the buyers balance sheets. Partnering companies havebegunrealizing their synergies through cost reductions andeconomies ofscale. In the US, the largest three companies now account for over 70% of the sector market cap this compares to 34% in 1990.Trends in bundled services are also pavage the way foradditional MAactivity. Sectorconsolidation willfurtherincreasethe importanceof stockselection. METHODS TO CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Companies use the following methods to measurecustomer satisfaction. 1 ) Complaints and suggestion system Companies obtaining complaints through theircustomer service centres, and further suggestions were given by customers to satisfy theirdesires. 2) Customer satisfaction surveys responsivecompaniesobtainadirectmeasureofcustomersatisfactionbyperiodic surveys.They send questionnaires to ergodic sample of their customers to find out how they feelaboutvariousaspects ofthe companys performance and alsosolicit viewson their competitors performance. It is useful to measure the customers willingness to recommend the company and brand to other persons. 3 )Lost Customer Analysis Companies should contact customers who have stopped buying or who have switched to another supplier to learn why this happened. 4 )Consumer Behavior VsConsumption BehaviorConsumer sort refers to the manner in which an individual reaches decision related to the selection, purchases and use of goods and services. Walters and Paul says that,consumer doings is the process where by the individuals decides what, when, how and from whom to purchase goods services. Consumerbehaviorrelatestoanindividualperson(Microbehavior)whereasconsumption behavior relates to and to the mass or aggregate of individuals. (Macro behavior) consumers behavior asa disciplinefocusesonthedecisionprocessofthe individual consumer or consuming unit such as thefamily.In contrast the consumption behavior as a study is to do with the explanation of thebehavior of the aggregate of consumers or the consuming unit. Consumer is a pivot,around which the built-in system of market ing revolves. The study of buyer behavior is one of the most important keys to successful mark. 1. 2. IMPORTANCE OF CONSUMER SATISFACTION The needs to satisfy customer for success in any commercial enterprise is very obvious. The income of all commercial enterprise is derived from thepayments received for the products and services supplied to its customers.Ifthere is no customer there is no income and there is no business. Then the coreactivity of any company is to attract and retain customers. It is therefore no surprise that Peter Drucker the renowned management Guru, has said to satisfy the customers is the mission and purpose of every business. Satisfaction of customer is essential for retention of customers and forcontinuous sales of the products and services of the company to customers. Thisestablishesthe needa for and the importance of customer satisfaction. Thesatisfactionofconsumersisdifferentfromonto another.Became,each consumer has the different behaviour in their life. S o, the marketer satisfy the consumer, he must very well know the behaviour of consumer. 1. 4. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Thetermconsumerbehaviourmaybedefinedasthebehaviour that consumer displays in searching for purchasing, using, evaluating, producing,services and ideas which they expect will satisfy their needs. In other words, It is a study of physiological, social, physical, behaviours of all potential customeras they become aware of evaluation, purchase and consumption and ell otherabout products and services 1. 5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY * To study the evaluation of cell phones with peculiar(prenominal) reference to India. * To ascertain the attributer which influenced the customers in selecting aparticular cell phone services provider. * To studythe consumers satisfaction towards different cellphone serviceproviders. * To assess the problems faced by the cell phone users in services. * To offer valuable suggestions to improve the services of cell phones in each companies. INRODUCTIO N TO TELECOM INDUSTRY The Indian Telecommunications network with 110. 1 zillion connections is the fifth largest in the knowledge domain and the second largest among the emerging economies of Asia. Today, it is the fastest growing market in the world and represents unique(p) opportunities for U. S. companies in the stagnant global scenario. The total subscriber base, which has grown by 40% in 2005,is judge to reach 250 million in 2007. According to Broadband Policy 2004, judicature of India aims at 9 million broadband connections and 18 million internet connections by2007. The wireless subscriber base has jumped from 33. 69 million in 2004 to 62. 57 million in FY2004- 2005.In the last 3 years, two out of every three new telephone subscribers were wirelesssubscribers. Consequently, wirelessnow accounts for54. 6% ofthe totaltelephone subscriber base, as compared to only 40% in 2003. radio receiver subscriber growth is expected tobypass 2. 5 million new subscribers per month by 2007. The wireless technologies currently in use are Global System for Mobile parleys (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). There are primarily 9 GSM and 5 CDMA instruments providing mobile services in 19 telecom circles and 4 metro cities, covering 2000 towns across the land. . 6. take up OF THE STUDY Exchange of information becomes the necessity of life to a common man. In the modern world an individual tends to communicate anything to everything right from the place where he/she stands. Even while riding vehicle he / she wants communicate within afraction of second at quick speeding with clearvoice,without any disturbance. Like line crossing, out of order, etc. most of which lack in the connection given by the department of tele-communictions. Cellphones emerges as a boon quench such a thirst, the by providing facilities,which a common man cannot imagine.Though cell phone industry has its originin the recent past and the growth has been excellent solar day by day many new competitors enter the market with new attractive schemes,provide additional facilities, add newfeatures to existing ones, reduce the charges her incoming and outgoing calls, introduce varieties of handsets,modelsahealthycompetitionthatbenefitsthesubscribers. Henceinthis context, it is important to study the functioning of cellular phone services and the utilization of their services by the telephonesation. 1. 8. STATEMENT OF PROBLEMIn our country the growth of service marketing especially mobile phone industry is still in its infancy stage, as compared to the industrially advanced countries. It is for the fact that the economy of our country has been in the developing stage. There are various mobile phones services providers in ourcountry and they are playing an essential role in fulfilling the needs of the customers. Now-a-days, the customers are more dynamic. Their taste, needs andpreference can the changing as per current scenario. Hence the development ofcellular indust ry mainly depends on the customer satisfaction.However the following questions may arise regarding customer satisfaction. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE India is the worlds fastest growing industry in the world in terms of number of wireless connections subsequently China, with 811. 59 million mobile phone subscribers. According to the world telecommunications industry, India will have 1. 200 one million million million mobile subscribers by 2013. Furthermore, projections by several leading global consultancies indicate that the total number of subscribers in India will exceed the total subscriber count in the China by 2013.In 1850 experimental galvanic telegraph started for first time in India betweenCalcutta (Kolkata) and Diamond Harbor (southern suburbs of Kolkata, on the banks of the Hooghly River). In 1851, it was unresolved for the use of the British East India political party. Subsequently construction of telegraph started through out India. A disassemble department wa s opened to the public in 1854. Dr. William OShaughnessy, who pioneered the telegraph and telephone in India, belonged to the Public whole caboodle Department, and worked towards the development of telecom.Calcutta or the-then Kolkata was chosen as it was the capital of British India. In early1881, Oriental Telephone Company limit of England opened telephone exchanges at Calcutta (Kolkata), Bombay (Mumbai), Madras (Chennai) and Ahmedabad. On the 28th January 1882 the first formal telephone service was established with a total of 93 subscribers. From the year 1902 India drastically changes from cable telegraph to wireless telegraph, piano tuner telegraph, radio telephone, trunk dialing. Trunk dialing used in India for more than a decade, were system allowed subscribers to dial calls with operator assistance.Later moved to digital microwave, optical fiber, satellite earth station. During British period all major cities and towns in India were linked with telephones. In the year 197 5 Department of Telecom (DoT) was responsible for telecom services in entire country after separation from Indian Post Telecommunication. Decade later Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was chipped out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. In 1990s the telecom sector was opened up by the Government for private investment.In1995 TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) was setup. This reduced the interference of Government in decision making tariffs and policy making. The Government of India corporatized the operations wing of DoT in 2000 and renamed Department of Telecom as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). In last 10 years many private operators especially alien investors successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market. Globally acclaimed operators like Telenor, NTT Docomo, Vodafone, Sistema, SingTel, Maxis, Etisalat invested in India mobile operators. Wireless CommunicationPager Services Pager communication successful launched in Ind ia in the year 1995. Pagers were looked upon as devices that offered the much need mobility in communication, especially for businesses. Motorola was a major player with nearly 80 per cent of the market share. The other companies included Mobilink, Pagelink, BPL, Usha Martin telecom and Easy call. Pagers were generally worn on the belt or carried in the pocket. The business peaked in 1998 with the subscriber base reaching nearly 2 million. However, the number dropped to less than 500,000 in 2002.The pager companies in India were soon struggling to maintain their business. While 2-way pagers could have buffered the fall, the pager companies were not in a position to upgrade their infrastructure to improve the ailing market. The Indian Paging Services Association was unable to support the industry. Pager companies in India also offered their services in regional languages also. However, the end had begun already. By 2002, Motorola stops making or servicing pagers. When mobile phones were commercially launched in India, the pager had many advantages to boast.Pagers were smaller, had a longer battery life and were considerably cheaper. However, the mobile phones got better with time and continuously upgraded themselves. Mobile Communication First mobile telephone service on non-commercial basis started in India on 48th emancipation Day at countrys capital Delhi. The first cellular call was made in India on July 31st, 1995 overModi Telstras MobileNet GSM network of Kolkata. Later mobile telephone services are separate into multiple zones known as circles. Competition has caused prices to drop and calls across India are one of the cheapest in the world.Most of operator follows GSM mobile system operate under 900MHz bandwidth few recent players started operating under 1800MHz bandwidth. CDMA operators operate under 800Mhz band, they are first to introduce EVDO based high speed wireless data services via USB dongle. In spite of this huge growth Indian telecom secto r is hit by severe spectrum crunch, turpitude by India Govt. officials and financial troubles. In 2008, India entered the 3G arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile and Data services by Government owned MTNL and BSNL. Later from November 2010 private operators started to launch their services.Broadband communication After US, Japan, India stands in three largest Internet users of which 40% of Internet used via mobile phones. India ranks one of the lowest provider of broadband speed as compared countries such as Japan, India and Norway. Minimum broadband speed of 256kbit/s but speed to a higher place 2Mbits is still in a nascent stage. Year 2007 had been declared as Year of Broadband in India. Telcos based on ADSL/VDSL in India generally have speeds up to 24Mbit max while those based on newer Optical Fiber technology offer up to 100Mbits in some plans fibreoptic communication (FTTx).Broadband growth has been plagued by many problems. Complicated tariff structure, metered billi ng, High charges for right of way, Lack of national content, non implementation of Local-loop unbundling have all resulted in hindrance to the growth of broadband. Many experts think future of broadband is on the hands of wireless factor. BWA auction winners are expected to roll out LTE and WiMAX in India in 2012. Next Generation Network (NGN) Next Generation Networks, multiple access networks can connect customers to a core network based on IP technology. These access

Gangs and Gang Culture Essay

Casper Walsh is a journalist and informant including the sixties Gangster story. His childhood was surrounded by curse and violence. He has been involved with the British prison system since he was 12 years old, as a visitor when his father was in prison, an inmate and now a rehabilitated drug user and creative opus workshop facilitator. The Guardian is a British national daily publisher that identifies with centre liberal nationalism and its readership is gener entirelyy on the mainstream left of British political opinion.It is and readership is mainly ashen marrow class mickle and its headquarters be in Manchester. This text portrays the picture about the media detection of gangs in our society. According to the author the term gang is usually associated with crime and violence by the media which has make not that callowness phallic, but also working class individuals victims of media stereotyping. He is trying to transport out the fact that the media is actually pai nting a bad picture and only covers the bad military position of the gangs.He is also trying to attack the press and convince the reader that gangs are not all that bad and they are necessary in the process of growing up. The text is meant to show that there is nada new or that scary about gangs, and that offsprings in every generation will always put on the line being bad. As a reader of this text I think that the media likes the idea of talking or writing about things that attract the attention of news readers. This makes it difficult whatsoevertimes to present a match opinion on this particular issue.Stories of this nature such as the negative side of gangsters attract a lot of attention from the readers so media tend to exaggerate when reporting and in this present day people respond to the media views. In this text the source makes use of stylistic features such as irony and paradox. In divide 1 there is of an ironical statement when he refers to the non-existent good old days by this he means that every generation has always had somewhat youth behaving differently. In other delivery society seems to think that youth behaviour in the present time is worse than the one from the prehistorical which is not always the case.The fact of the matter is that every generation has always had its fair share of youth trouble. there is also an example of a paradox as stylistic feature in paragraph 1 where the source talks about rooftop shouting and t adequate banging about the breakdown of immature society. He thinks that the media is creating a moral panic by portraying youth behaviour as big crisis out of control. For example the media will talk about dysfunctional families, as the cause of crime and violence in our society.But it is true that not every criminal comes from a dysfunctional family although some do. In my opinion I think the use of figures of speech is necessary for the writer to be able to deliver his message in a way that is not offens ive to the reader. The fact that he is writing to particular class of people, it is important that the author communicates to them in a language they will understand. I materialise the word Dim view used by the writer in paragraph 1 conflicting since what is dim to one person will not necessarily be dim to another.This text portrays the writers personal opinion of the media when covering gang related issues in our society. The writer puts all the infernal on the press and doesnt at any one time show that there are bad gangs who do horrible things. The sense of passage would change if the point of view was varied. I take on the writers opinion not balanced because it only talks about his side of the story. There is some truth in what the media covers on gang related issues. We live in a spare and fair society where most people have a choice about decisions that affect their lives.This applies to youth in our society having a choice of whether to join a gang or not without modif y their livelihood. It is not infact a necessity to join a gang in order for you find your identity element as a person. People can choose alternative routes to gangs by joining activities such a social sports club, a church and still find themselves. The author only talks about male and youth yet at present we have female gangs and not everybody in gangs is necessary youth. Gangs have lords who are old mature people who actually run and use the youth to do the drab work for them.The author is writing based on his own experiences and encounters and another person who had a radiation pattern life cannot look at gangs the same way. Looking at the facts of this text it is clearly stated that the writer comes from a gang and criminal back ground. My research about the writer found that not only himself but also his father was in jail for sometimes and as a result of this the author was influenced to work with offenders in and out of prison. In the light of this the author will have b iased views on this matter to support his background and the people he stands for.The fact that the author is addressing the media which is made mainly with middle class people such as journalists , he makes use of the Guardian newspaper to conveys his message accordingly. mayhap the authors text would have changed in terms of tone and balanced view if he had used a different category of paper. I think he would have done some research and would have been able to find evidence to support his arguments. In addition to this he king have used a simple way of writing his text to put his message across.

Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr Essay

There is no doubt that there are many similarities between Martin Luther female monarch Jr. and Henry Thoreau though they did not live in the same century. superpower himself declared that he was greatly influenced by Thoreaus hear on polished self-willed. The both complaisant right activists had similar intellects on justice in the companionship. It is as well as believed that Thoreaus pass away was in any case influenced by Ralph Emerson who initiated the thoughts about transcendentalism in him. Although some people believe that top executive was more(prenominal) influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, the great Indian leader, it is important to note that the ideas of Gandhi were based on the ideas put forward by Thoreau.Moreover, King stated that term in college, he read Thoreaus essay on elegant disobedient which inspired very strong feelings on him (Arsenault, pg 62). The main difference between Thoreau and King is the place setting in which each one of them operated. It is also important to note that King was most(prenominal) vocal a century after Thoreau had left the scene. Thoreau was an author historian and a philosopher in the 19th century. One of his most famous books other than the polished disobedient essay was the Walden which had the main theme as simple living.Thoreau was also a white American since his grandfather was a Frenchman. He was opposed to the injustices against the minority in the society in the middle 19th century which included African Americans being used as slaves and the Mexican American war. On the other hand, King was a clergyman. He is considered to be the greatest civil activists in America in the twentieth century. He was the leader of African Americans civil rights movement. In the mid 20th century, there was no slavery in the United States but the African Americans were segregated and discriminated by the dominating race.King mobilized African Americans in protest matches and civil disobedient as a way of flak e for justice in the society (Powell, pp 26). Despite the two activists working in different centuries, they changed the civil rights traditions of civil rights and reforms in the American society. Thoreau was the first person to introduce the idea of civil disobedient as highroad of pushing for reforms in the American society. Since the publication of his essay on civil disobedient in the mid 19th century, his ideas have transformed activism in the whole world.The most famous influence of Thoreau ideas was on Kings letter which he wrote while in prison in Birmingham. In the letter, King states that Thoreau essay convinced him that not cooperating with what is evil is as essential as cooperation with what is secure. This is a clear indication that Kings ideas on civil rights movement were directly borrowed from Thoreaus ideas. The letter did not only fight the idea on non violent civil disobedient in human rights protest but also expounded on the ideas introduced by Thoreau in th e 19th century (Schroeder, pp 1).Thought the two activists had different views on the rights and license of all in the society, their views were based on the same idea. The basic idea was that the oppressed need to dramatize an active role in the fight against their rights. They were more concerned about the unequal treatment of the minorities in the society either being enslaved or segregated. While Thoreau advocated for personalized rights, King advocated for public awareness of the freedoms and rights for the good of all (Chernus, pp 305).Though the letter from Birmingham by Martin Luther King Jr. was based on the same idea with the civil disobedient essay by Thoreau, the two authors were different on all aspects. However, this does not counteract the fact that both contend an important role in securing freedom for the African Americans. Thoreau aided in securing freedom for the fugitive slaves in the 19th century through his strong criticism against slavery while King led no n violent protest matches and civil disobedient against the Jim Crows laws that segregated African Americans.They both held a strong position that unjust laws should be opposed by the masses (Powell, pp 26). The effectiveness of civil disobedient and peaceful direct action in the second half of the 20th century led by King was inspired by the effectiveness of the approach in India led by Gandhi. Thoreaus ideas had been be to be effective in India. King reintroduced Thoreaus ideas into the American protest traditions which were very effective. The legacy of the two great men is still evident in the American society as well as other societies of the world today.It is common for environmentalists, civil rights activists and same sex marriage supporters to invoke the words of King and Thoreau to defend their positions (Powell, pp 26). It is indisputable that Thoreau in the 19th century and King in the 20th century played an important role in the fight for African American rights. They introduced the idea of civil disobedient in the American society which proved to be effective. Though both of them were radically different, there ideas on civil rights and civil disobedient were very similar.